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Grade 10 Biology > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

1
Q

The cell theory

A
  • living things are composed of cells
  • they are formed by pre-existing cells
  • they derive their structure, function and organization from their cells
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2
Q

Surface area and cells

A
  • the shape of cells are small in order to allow there to be a greater surface area to volume ratio
  • this is to have more area for nutrients to diffuse into the cell
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3
Q

Cell membrane

A
  • forms a protective barrier around the cell

* selectively permeable to regulate what enters and leaves the cell

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4
Q

Cytoplasm

A

• contains nutrients required by the cell to carry its life processes

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5
Q

Nucleus

A
  • control center organelle
  • controls activities such as growth and reproduction
  • contains DNA
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6
Q

Nucleolus

A
  • the inner section of the nucleus

* produce ribosomes

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7
Q

Vacuoles and vesicles

A
  • membrane-bound organelles that store nutrients and waste

* plant cells have one large central vacuole

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8
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • releases the energy of food for the cell in carbon dioxide and water
  • cellular respiration
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9
Q

Lysosomes

A
  • where digestion takes place
  • filled with enzymes
  • break down invading bacteria and damaged cells
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10
Q

Golgi apparatus

A
  • receives proteins from endoplasmic reticulum

* modifies, sorts, and packages protein into vesicles for delivery

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11
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • carries material throughout the cell
  • makes proteins
  • contains ribosomes
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12
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • may be attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum

* where proteins are produced

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13
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • carries material throughout the cell

* produces fats and oils

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14
Q

Cytoskeleton

A
  • internal network of fibers

* helps maintain the shape

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15
Q

Cell wall

A
  • found only in plant cells

* rigid frame that provides strength, protection, and support

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16
Q

Chloroplasts

A
  • found only in plant cells
  • contain chlorophyll
  • photosynthesis = make food from carbon dioxide and water
  • used for the growth of the plant
17
Q

Centrosomes

A
  • found only in animal cells
  • guide the movements of chromosomes in cell division
  • contain centrioles
18
Q

Interphase

A
  • cells are doing their normal activities (acquiring nutrients, eliminating waste, growth)
  • their DNA is in the form of chromatin
  • the DNA replicates, forming two copies
19
Q

Prophase

A
  • the nucleus dissolves
  • chromatin thickens into chromosomes
  • each chromosome has two identical copies called chromatids and are attached by centromeres
  • nucleoli disappear
  • centrioles (only in animal cells), move towards the poles of the cell
  • spindle fibers form that radiate outward from the centrioles
20
Q

Metaphase

A
  • the chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell

* they appear lined up in the middle of the cell

21
Q

Anaphase

A
  • the centromeres break, allowing the chromatids to separate into new chromosomes called daughter chromosomes
  • the daughter chromosomes follow the spindle fibers toward the poles of the cell
22
Q

Telophase

A
  • nuclear membranes start forming around the daughter chromosomes
  • nucleoli reappear
  • the spindle fibers dissolve
23
Q

Cytokinesis

A
  • redistribution of existing cytoplasm and organelles to the new daughter cells
  • animal cell membranes pinch in around the centre, forming a cleavage furrow
  • plant cell walls cannot pinch like this, so a cells plate forms between the daughter cells, and later hardens into a new cell wall
24
Q

Generalist cells

A

• the single cell of unicellular organisms has to be able to carry out all the functions of life = locomotion, gas exchange, absorption of food

25
Q

Multicellular organisms

A
  • as organisms grow, their cells must divide to provide a better surface area to volume ratio
  • therefore larger organisms will contain more than one cell
26
Q

Cell differentiation

A
  • multicellularity allows the specialization of cells for particular tasks
  • specialized cells do specific jobs better, at the expense of other functions
  • this makes different types of specialized cells dependent on each other
27
Q

Types of stem cells

A
  • totipotent = can produce every differentiated cell in an organism
  • pluripotent = can produce any fetal or adult cell type, except the placenta
  • multipotent = can produce a few different types of cells

Grade 10 Biology (8 decks)

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