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Microbiology > Ch.6 Interactive glossary > Flashcards

Ch.6 Interactive glossary Flashcards

1
Q

A biochemical process in which amino groups are enzymatically removed from amino acids or other organic compound.

A

Deamination

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2
Q

A biochemical process in which light energy is converted to chemical energy and used in carbohydrate synthesis.

A

Photosynthesis

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3
Q

A catabolic process that produces lactic acid during the reoxidation of NADH to NAD+ for reuse in glycolysis to generate ATP.

A

Lactic acid fermentation

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4
Q

A catabolic, energy-releasing process.

A

Exergonic reaction

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5
Q

A chemical process that requires energy

A

Endergonic

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6
Q

A cyclic series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions in which carbon from acetyl-CoA is released as carbon dioxide; the reactions also yield protons and high-energy electrons that are transported among coenzymes and cytochromes as their energy is released.

A

Krebs cycle

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7
Q

A form of photosynthesis in which molecular oxygen is produced.

A

Oxygenic photosynthesis

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8
Q

A form of photosynthesis in which molecular oxyten is not produced.

A

Anoxygenic photosynthesis

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9
Q

A group of pigments that act as a light trapping system for photosynthesis.

A

Photosystem

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10
Q

A metabolic pathway in which acetyl groups are completely oxidized to carbon dioxide gas and some ATP molecules are formed. Also called Krebs cycle.

A

Citric acid cycle

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11
Q

A microorganism or virus that causes disease.

A

Pathogen

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12
Q

A pigment located in the membrane systems of purple sulfur bacteria that upon excitement by light, loses electrons and initiates photosynthetic reactions.

A

Bacteriochlorophyll

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13
Q

A pigmented molecule that functions in photosynthesis; exists free in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes and within the chloroplasts of eukaryotes.

A

Chlorophyll

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14
Q

A reaction in the first part of photosynthesis where light energy is converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP.

A

Energy-fixing reactions

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15
Q

A reusable protein molecule that brings about a chemical change while remaining unchanged itself; the molecule may include a nonprotein part.

A

Enzyme

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16
Q

A series of enzyme-catalyzed chemical reactions in which glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate with a net gain of two ATP molecules.

A

Glycolysis

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17
Q

A series of sequential steps in which energy is released from electrons as they pass from coenzymes to cytochromes, and ultimately, to oxygen gas; the energy is used to combine phosphate ions with ADP molecules to form ATP molecules.

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

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18
Q

A six-carbon sugar used as a major energy source for metabolism.

A

Glucose

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19
Q

A small, organic molecule of cellular respiration that functions in release of carbon dioxide gas and the transfer of electrons and protons to another coenzyme.

A

Coenzyme A (CoA)

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20
Q

A substance or substances resulting from a chemical reaction.

A

Product

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21
Q

A type of heterotrophic organism that feeds on dead organic matter, such as rotting wood or compost.

A

Saprobe

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22
Q

A type of heterotrophic organism that feeds on live organic matter such as another organism.

A

Parasite

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23
Q

An anabolic, energy-requiring process.

A

Endergonic reaction

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24
Q

An electron carrier that is part of oxidation phosphorylation.

A

Cytochrome

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25
Q

An energy-liberating process in which larger organic compounds are broken down into smaller ones

A

Catabolism

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26
Q

An energy-requiring process involving the synthesis of larger organic compounds from smaller ones

A

Anabolism

27
Q

An enzyme found in tears and saliva that digests the peptidoglycan of gram-positive bacterial cell walls.

A

Lysozyme

28
Q

An inorganic substance that acts with and is essential to the activity of an enzyme; examples include metal ions and some vitamins.

A

Cofactor

29
Q

An organic molecule that forms the nonprotein part of an enzyme molecule.

A

Coenzyme

30
Q

An organism that derives energy from chemical reactions and uses the energy to synthesize nutrients from carbon dioxide.

A

Chemoautotroph

31
Q

An organism that derives energy from organic chemicals and uses the energy to synthesize nutrients from carbon compounds other than carbon dioxide gas

A

Chemoheterotroph

32
Q

An organism that requires preformed organic matter for its energy and carbon needs.

A

Heterotroph

33
Q

An organism that uses carbon dioxide gas as a carbon source.

A

Autotroph

34
Q

An organism that uses light energy to synthesize nutrients from carbon compounds other than carbon dioxide.

A

Photoheterotroph

35
Q

An organism that uses light energy to synthesize nutrients from carbon dioxide gas.

A

Photoautotroph

36
Q

Multi-step enzyme-catalyzed reactions that start with an initial substrate and produce a final end product; glycolysis and the Krebs cycle are examples.

A

Metabolic pathway

37
Q

The addition of a phosphate group to a molecule.

A

Phosphorylation

38
Q

The association of an enzyme with its substrate at the active site.

A

Enzyme-substrate complex

39
Q

The breakdown of fatty acids during cellular metabolism through the successive removal from one end of two carbon units.

A

Beta oxidation

40
Q

The end product of the glycolysis metabolic pathway.

A

Pyruvate

41
Q

The energy required for a chemical reaction to occur.

A

Activation energy

42
Q

The enzyme involved in forming ATP by using the energy in a proton gradient.

A

ATP synthase

43
Q

The formation of ATP resulting from the transfer of phosphate from a substrate to ADP.

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation

44
Q

The gain of an electron pair by a molecule.

A

Reduction

45
Q

The generation of ATP through the trapping of light.

A

Photophosphorylation

46
Q

The loss of an electron pair from a molecule.

A

Oxidation

47
Q

The measurement and analysis of metabolites in an organism.

A

Metabolomics

48
Q

The part of oxidative phosphorylation that initially receives electron pairs from NADH and FADH and transfers the electrons eventually to a final inorganic electron acceptor.

A

Electron transport chain

49
Q

The prevention of a chemical reaction by a chemical that binds elsewhere than to active site of an enzyme.

A

Noncompetitive inhibition

50
Q

The prevention of a chemical reaction by a chemical that competes with the normal substrate for an enzyme’s active site.

A

Competitive inhibition

51
Q

The process for transforming energy to ATP in which the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is oxygen gas.

A

Aerobic respiration

52
Q

The process of converting chemical energy into cellular energy in the form of ATP.

A

Cellular respiration

53
Q

The process that generates ATP from exergonic metabolic reactions.

A

Cellular respiration

54
Q

The production of ATP in the presence of an inorganic final electron acceptor other than oxygen gas.

A

Anaerobic respiration

55
Q

The production of ATP using the organic compound pyruvate as the final electron acceptor.

A

Fermentation

56
Q

The reactions of photosynthesis that “trap” carbon dioxide gas and require ATP and NADPH.

A

Carbon-fixing reactions

57
Q

The region of an enzyme where the substrate binds.

A

Active site

58
Q

The slowing down or prevention of a metabolic pathway when excess end product binds noncompetitively to an enzyme in the pathway.

A

Feedback inhibition

59
Q

The substance(s) upon which an enzyme acts.

A

Substrate

60
Q

The sum of all biochemical processes taking place in a living cell.

A

Metabolism

61
Q

The synthesis of ATP as a result of proton pumping across a membrane.

A

Chemiosmosis

62
Q

The type of fermentation carried out by the yeast Saccharomyces that produces alcohol and carbon dioxide gas as the final end product.

A

Alcoholic fermentation

63
Q

The use of a proton gradient across a membrane to generate cellular energy in the form of ATP.

A

Chemiosmosis

Microbiology (23 decks)

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