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Biology AS (Mr Copp) > 2.3a - Adaptations for transport in animals > Flashcards

2.3a - Adaptations for transport in animals Flashcards

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1
Q

what are some typical features of transport mediums?

A
  • suitable medium in which to carry materials eg blood
  • a pump to move materials eg heart
  • a system of vessels with branching networks to distribute the transpprt medium all over the body
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2
Q

how do cells get blood in open circulatory systems?

A

blood doesn’t move around the body in vessels, instead the cells are bathed by blood

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3
Q

where in open circulatory systems is blood held?

A

in the internal body cavity - the haemocoel

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4
Q

define the haemocoel

A

main body cavity found in most invertebrates that contains a circulatory fluid

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5
Q

give an example of an organism which have an open circulatory system (what is their heart like?)

A

insects, they have long, dorsal tube shaped-hearts

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6
Q

why don’t insects need respiratory pigments?

A

bc oxygen is supplied directly to tissues via the tracheal system

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7
Q

describe the process of blood flow in the circulation of insects

A

heart pumps blood through aorta towards the head, the blood empties into haemocoel and makes direct contact w/organs

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8
Q

what are the pores in insects body called and what do they do?

A

ostia
allow blood back into the heart

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9
Q

why are open circulatory systems relatively inefficient?

A

bc they’re not responsible for the distribution of respiratory gases in insects

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10
Q

what are the two types of closed circulatory systems?

A

single and double

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11
Q

why are closed circulatory systems more efficient?

A

blood can be transported more quickly around the body under a higher pressure to all parts of the animals body

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12
Q

what does a single closed circulatory system involve? give two examples

A

involves blood passing through the heart once during its passage around the body
eg fish (blood pumped to gills)
earthworm (5 pseudohearts)

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13
Q

describe the process of blood flow circulation in earthworms

A

closed circulatory system where blood doesn’t make contact w/organs

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14
Q

does earthworm blood have a respiratory pigment?

A

yes contains heamoglobin to transport O2

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15
Q

what does a closed double circulatory system involve? what happens in mammals?

A

blood passing through the heart twice
in mammals involves one circuit which supplies the lungs (pulmonary) and one which supplies the body with oxygenated blood (systematic)

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16
Q

what are the advantages of a double circulatory system vs single?

A

meets demands of mammals w/a higher metabolic rate
higher blood pressure and faster circulation can be sustained
oxygenated blood and dexoy can be separated which improves oxygen distribution

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17
Q

draw a label a box diagram of the heart, including the SAN

A
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18
Q

what is the SAN? what does it do?

A

sino-atrial node, causes systole, sends electrical impulses to stimulate muscle contractions

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19
Q

when comparing the open circulatory system eg insects, to the closed circulatory system, eg earthworms, what would you compare?

A
  1. open vs closed
  2. blood pump low press vs high press by…
  3. blood pumped where
  4. blood bathes tissue vs tissues bathed by tissue fluid
  5. control over direction flow
  6. respiratory pigment
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20
Q

describe the process of blood flow through the heart

A
  1. blood enters the heart from the body via the vena cava into the right atrium
  2. atrial systole causes vol to decrease and blood press to increase in the atria, forcing blood through the bicuspid valve into the right ventricle which is relaxed.
  3. ventricular systole causes blood pressure in the ventricles to increase, forcing blood out of the heart through the right semi-lunar valve to the lungs via pulmonary artery
  4. semi-lunar valves shut to prevent backflow
  5. oxy blood returns from lungs, same thing happens in left side.
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21
Q

what happens when ventricle relax?

A

volume increases, pressure decreases which draws blood back into the ventricles, bt the SL valves prevent backflow

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22
Q

what happens during atrial diastole

A

allows blood from vena cava and pulmonaru veins to enter atria and cycle repeats

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23
Q

what are the functions of each blood vessels?

A

artery - transports blood from heart to body tissues vein - transports blood from body tissues back to heart
capillary - facilitates the exchange of substances between the blood and body tissues

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24
Q

describe and explain the role of the sino-atrial node, the atrio-ventricular node, the bundle of His and the Purkunje fibres in controlling the cardiac cycle

A
  1. the sinoatrial node initiates the heartbeat by generating electrical impulses and as a result acts as the heart’s natural pacemaker, setting the rhythm of the cycle
  2. the atrio-ventricular node, receives these impulses and delays the impulses to allow the atria to contract and empty before the ventricles contract
  3. the Bundle of His is where the electrical impulses travel down, it divides into left and right branches
  4. the Purknje fibres rapidly conduct the impulse, causing the ventricles to contract in a coordinated manner.
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25
what does myogenic mean
generates its own contractions, doesn't need to be stimulated by nerve to make it contract
26
what is the structure of the artery, going from outside in?
collagenous fibres thick layer of muscle and elastic fibres endothelium lumen
27
what is the basic structure of vein and artery?
tunica externa made up of collagenous fibres tunica media made up of elastic fibres and smooth muscle endothelium (1 cell thick)
28
what is the difference between the structure of the artery and vein
artery is circular in shape and has a wide lumen in diameter vein is cylindrical in its shape and and has a narrower lumen
29
how do you remember what arteries do?
carry blood Away from the heart
30
what does the structure of the artery do in terms of blood flow
thick cell walls to resist high blood pressure, elastic fibres to accommodate blood and elastic recoil of fibres pushes blood along artery the pressure in arteries shows rhythmical rise and fall, corresponding to ventricular systole as blood flows along the artery, friction w/vessel walls causes blood pressure and rate of blood flow to decrease
31
what does the structure of the vein do in terms of blood flow
semilunar valves prevent backflow of blood, ensuring blood vessels travel in 1 direction only although pressure in veins is low, blood is returned to the heart due to effects of surrounding skeletal muscle contracting, squeezing the veins which reduces volume and increases press inside veins which forces blood through the valve
32
what does the structure of the capillaries do in terms of blood flow
form dense networks in tissues as blood flows through capillaries both blood pressure and rate of flow decreases due to increase in total cross-sectional area and frictional resistance of blood flowing along blood vessels
33
what is the function of capillaries?
to supply oxygen and nutrients and absorb CO2 and wastes
34
describe the blood pressure changes in blood vessels
highest press is in aorta and arteries, arteriole friction w/walls causes blood pressure to decrease, the pressure depends on whether arterioles are dilated or contracted capillaries have a huge cross-sectional surface area which further reduces pressure, slows blood flow, pressure also drops due to leackage of substances into tissues veins return flow is non-rhythmical, pressure is slow
35
how can blood pressure be increases in veins
by massaging effect of muscles
36
describe atrial systole
atria contract so vol decreases, press increases blood flows through atrio-ventricular valves into ventricles backflow prevented by valves closing
37
describe ventricular systole
ventricles contract (ab 0.1s after atrial systole), vol decreases, press increases due to grater press in ventricles, atrio-ventricular valves close semilunar valves open and blood flows into aorta ventricular systole lasts ab 0.3s
38
describe ventricular diastole
volume increases, press decreases semi-lunar valves snap chut to prevent backflow of blood from arteries into ventricles
39
describe diastole
whole heart muscle relaxes, blood from veins flows into atria cycle begins again
40
how do you calculate the cardiac output?
stroke volume x heart rate
41
what is P in an ECG
voltage change associated w/contraction of atria/atrial systole
42
What is QRS in an ECG?
depolarisation and ventricular systole, shows electrical impulses passing to the base of ventricles , through the ventricle wall
43
what is T in the ECG
repolarisation of ventricle muscles/ventricular diastole
44
what is the PR interval?
time taken to spread excitation from atria down to ventricle's through the AVN and purkinje fibres in the septum of the apex
45
what does changes in the isoelectric line mean?
can be used to dagnose porblems w/the heart eg a patient suffering a heart attack may show depression on the ST segment
46
what evidence may there be in a ECG that there's an obstruction at the atrio-ventricular node and not the sino-atrial node? what would this obstruction have on the cardiac cycle?
P wave is always present but the QRS complex is absent or not regular ventricular contraction would not occur blood remains in ventricles and doesn't enter the arteries
47
a person with enlarged ventricles may have what? when is this usually discovered?
would increase QRS peaks indicating increase in voltage and thicker muscle during sports of strenuous activities
48
what is the blood made up of?
55% plasma 45% cells <5% white blood cells and platelets (leucocytes)
49
what is plasma made up of
90% H2O and contains dissolved solutes eg glucose and amino acids
50
why are amino acids important in blood plasma
responsible for distribution of heat and transpport of CO2 as HCO3- ions
51
describe the advantages of red blood cells, what is their scientific name?
erythrocytes biconcave shape increases surface area for absorption and release of O2 nu nucleus, mitochondria and no endoplasmic reticulum means there is more room for haemoglobin
52
what is the issue with the lack of organelles in red blood cells?
limits their life
53
how is oxygen transported around the body? what is the word equation for this?
haemoglobin binds to the O2 in the lungs and releases it to respiring tissues oxygen + haemoglobin ⇋ oxyhaemoglobin
54
describe the process of oxygen binding to haemoglobin
each molecule can accommodate 4 molecules of O2, one attacked to each of the 4 haem groups, as O2 bonds, the haemoglobin molecule changes slightly, making it easier for next one to bind. 4th and final O2 molecule is more difficult to bind and requires large increase in partial pressure of O2, shown as plateau on graph, giving curve a sigmoid shape
55
what does the steep part of the sigmoid curve show
a small decrease in partial press of O2 causes rapid release of O2 to tissues
56
as partial pressure increases...
more O2 is present
57
describe and explain an adult human oxygen dissociation curve
as partial pressure of O2 increases, percentage sat also increases haemoglobin has a high affinity for O2 at high partial pressure of oxygen associates with oxygen in the lungs as partial press of O2 decreases, so does haemoglobins affinity for O2 so dissociates with O2 in tissues making a sigmoid shape
58
describe CO2 effect on dissociation curve what does this do and why is this good
curve shifts right during exercise bc the haemoglobins affinity for O2 is reduced so more O2 is released at the same partial pressure of O2 called Bohr effect, supplies O2 more quickly to respiring tissues where needed
59
define the Bohr effect
the movement of the O2 dissociation curve to the right as a result of a higher partial pressure of CO2
60
what are the three ways in which carbon dioxide is carried?
dissolved in plasma (5%) as HCO3- ions (85%) in plasma bound to haemoglobin as carbamino-haemoglobin (10%)
61
draw out the process of CO2 entering a red blood cell in book, labelling 1-7 describe all the steps
1. CO2 diffuses into red blood cell 2. carbonic anhydrase catalyses the reaction between CO2 forming carbonic acid 3. carbonic acid dissociates into HCO3- and H+ ions 4. HCO3- diffuses out of red blood cell 5. Cl- ions diffuse into cell to maintain the electrochemical neutrality, called the chloride shift 6. H+ ions combine w/oxyhaemoglobin forming haemoglobinic acid (HHb) and release O2 7. O2 diffuses out of cell
62
summarise the CO2 in blood
the more CO2 in the blood, the more HCO3- and H+ ions produced inside the red blood cells, the more HHb produced therefore the more O2 released
63
what does haemoglobin combining with H+ ions do?
has a buffering effect which maintains the pH of the red blood cells cytoplasm
64
what is myoglobin what does it have
O2 store found in muscles/respiring tissue has a high affinity for O2 and only releases CO2 at low partial pressure
65
what is foetal haemoglobin? what does this do?
two of polypeptide chains making up haemoglobin molecule are altered this structural difference makes dissociation curve shift to left, foetal haemoglobin has a higher affinity for 02 and so more able to absorb O2 from mothers blood via placenta
66
describe and explain the shape of a low oxygen environemnt graph, eg llama or lugworm
lives in low PO2 environment due to poor ventillation has Hb w/higher affinity for O2 so Hb can become fully sat w/O2 at low PO2 in comparison to human Hb
67
where is tissue fluid formed and what does it contain?
formed from plasma contains H2O, salts, glucose, amino acids and dissolved O2 and bathes cells in capillary bed
68
describe what happens at the arterial end of the capillary bed
hydrostatic pressure is greater than the osmotic forced so net movement of fluid is out of capillary to tissues a diffusion gradient allows movement of glucose and O2 and ions out of capillaries into tissue fluid, the gradient is maintained due to use of these substances during metabolism
69
describe what happens at the venous end of the capillary bed
blood is at lower hydrostatic pressure, water passes back into capillaries by osmosis due to the negative water potential maintained by plasma proteins, there is net inflow of H2O into capillaries CO2 and urea diffuse into capillary network down a conc gradient

Biology AS (Mr Copp) (6 decks)

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