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BSC Zoology - Parasitology > 24. Arthropods (ticks) > Flashcards

24. Arthropods (ticks) Flashcards

1
Q

what is included in the class Arachnida?

A
  • ticks
  • mites
  • spiders
  • scorpions
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2
Q

how many legs do the larvae of Class Arachnida have?

A

6 legs

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3
Q

how many legs do the nymphal stages of Class Arachnida have?

A

8 legs

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4
Q

how many legs do the adult stages of Class Arachnida have?

A

8 legs

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5
Q

what is different about the number of legs in Class Arachnida and those in lice, fleas, bugs and flies?

A

lice, fleas, bugs and flies only have 6 legs, not 8, in the adult stages as well

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6
Q

do Arachnids have wings?

A

no, they are wingless

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7
Q

can ticks fly or jump?

A

no, they can only crawl

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8
Q

where do ticks wait for their hosts?

A

on the tips of grasses and shrubs, not from trees, at maximum 1m in height

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9
Q

what do ticks select their ambush site based on?

A

they have the ability to identify paths that are often travelled and they can sense the presence of the host

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10
Q

what is special about the sensory organs of ticks?

A

they are complex and they can determine trace amounts of gases, such as carbon dioxide left by warm-blooded animals and man

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11
Q

do ticks feed often?

A

no

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12
Q

what happens when ticks feed?

A

they acquire disease agents from one host and pass it to another host at a later feeding

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13
Q

do ticks that interact with humans and animals usually cause harm?

A

relatively few

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14
Q

how do ticks differ from other arthropods?

A

they lack antennae and the first pair of head appendages are modified to form pincer-like chelicerae

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15
Q

what are the 3 visible components of ticks’ mouthparts?

A
  • palps
  • chelicerae
  • hypostome
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16
Q

what are the palps?

A
  • they are highly mobile, jointed parts

- they move laterally while the tick is feeding and do not enter the skin of the host

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17
Q

what are the chelicerae?

A
  • they are the two rough parts between the palps

- they are the cutting mandibles

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18
Q

what is the hypostome?

A
  • the feeding tube

- the center rod-shaped structure

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19
Q

what does the hypostome have on it and what purpose do they serve?

A
  • it has many beak-like projections

- this is so that, when it plunges into the host skin while feeding, it prevents easy removal

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20
Q

what does the tick also produce in its salivary glands?

A

a substance that attaches the feeding tick, and the substance dissolves after feeding is complete

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21
Q

what do ticks feed on?

A

the blood of their host

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22
Q

what is the function of the salivary secretions during a tick’s feeding?

A

it prevent blood coagulation so that it can continue feeding

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23
Q

what are the crucial steps of tick removal?

A
  • gently grasp the head of the tick with fine tip tweezers, very close to the skin (to not squeeze its salivary glands, incase it harbours a parasite you will inject it into your blood)
  • keep the tick in a sealed container to bring to the doctor
  • wash both your hands and the location of the bite in soap and water
  • swab the area with alcohol thoroughly
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24
Q

what can happen if the head of the tick breaks off under the skin?

A

it can result in an infection

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25
Q

how can breaking off of the ticks head be avoided?

A

do NOT twist upon tick removal

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26
Q

what are the two main groups of ticks?

A
  • Ixodidae

- Argasidae

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27
Q

what are the Ixodidae?

A
  • the hard ticks

- have a hard shield just behind the mouthparts (sometimes incorrectly called the head)

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28
Q

what is an example of the Ixodidae?

A

dog tick

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29
Q

what are unfed hard ticks shaped like?

A

flat seed

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30
Q

what are the Argasidae?

A
  • soft ticks

- they do not have the hard shield and they are shaped like a large raisin

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31
Q

what do soft ticks prefer to feed on?

A

birds or bats

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32
Q

are soft ticks encountered often?

A

not unless the birds and bats are nesting or roosting in an occupied building

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33
Q

what are the 4 different life stages of hard ticks?

A
  • egg
  • larvae
  • nymph
  • adult
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34
Q

how many legs do the larvae of ticks that emerge from eggs have?

A

6 legs

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35
Q

when does the larvae molt to the nymphal stage?

A

after obtaining a blood meal from a vertebrate host

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36
Q

what do nymphs do after feeding?

A

they molt into the next and final stage, which is the adult

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37
Q

how many legs does the adult have?

A

8 legs

38
Q

what happens after the adult hard ticks feed?

A

the adult female hard ticks lay one batch of thousands of eggs and then die

39
Q

what is found in the Ixodidae?

A

hard ticks - they only take one blood meal per life stage except the egg stage

40
Q

how much time does it take for ixodidae to complete an entire life cycle?

A

may vary from less than a year in tropical regions to over three years in cold climates,

41
Q

what happens to ixodidae if hosts are not available?

A

certain stages may enter diapause until hosts are again available

42
Q

how long can hard ticks go without feeding?

A

several months

43
Q

what are the life cycles that hard ticks may undergo?

A

one-host, two-host, or three-host life cycles

44
Q

what is found in the argasidae?

A

soft ticks

45
Q

what is different about the soft ticks life cycle?

A
  • they are not readily distinguishable
  • unlike hard ticks, many soft ticks go through multiple nymphal stages, gradually increasing in size until the final molt to the adult stage
46
Q

what is the first life stage to come out of the egg?

A

the six legged larva

47
Q

what does the first, six legged larva do after hatching?

A

takes a blood meal

48
Q

up to how many molts can some soft ticks pass through?

A

up to 7

49
Q

how often do soft ticks feed?

A

several times during each life stage

50
Q

how many eggs do females lay in soft ticks?

A

multiple small batches between blood meals throughout their lives

51
Q

how long does it take for a soft tick to complete a life cycle?

A

generally longer than that of hard ticks, lasting over several years

52
Q

what is the disease caused by Ambylomma?

A
  • Lyme disease

- Rocky mountain spotted fever (RMSF)

53
Q

what is the disease caused by Dermacentor?

A
  • RMSF
  • colarado tick fever
  • lyme disease
  • is also an agent of tick paralysis
54
Q

what is the disease caused by Ixodes?

A
  • lyme disease

- babesiosis

55
Q

what is the disease caused by Rhipicephalus?

A
  • RMSF

- lyme disease

56
Q

what is the disease caused by Ornithodoros?

A

tick-borne relapsing fever

57
Q

what is the disease caused by Carios?

A

tick borne relapsing fever

58
Q

what are the other 2 nicknames for deer tick?

A
  • bear tick

- sheep tick

59
Q

what are the other common names for black-legged tick (deep tick)?

A
  • Western black legged tick
  • European wood tick
  • Sheep tick
60
Q

what are the other scientific names for Ixodes scapularis?

A
  • Ixodes dammini
  • Ixodes pacificus
  • Ixodes ricinus
61
Q

what are the diseases transmitted by Ixodes scapularis?

A
  • lyme disease (deer tick)

- babesiosis

62
Q

what is the dog tick also called? (nickname)

A

wood tick

63
Q

what is the common name for dog tick?

A

American dog tick

64
Q

what is the scientific name of the dog tick?

A

Dermacentor cariabilis

65
Q

what is the disease caused by the dog tick

A

rocky mountain spotted fever

66
Q

what is the scientific name of rocky mountain wood tick?

A

Dermacentor andersoni

67
Q

what disease is caused by ricky mountain wood tick?

A

rocky mountain spotted fever

68
Q

describe lyme disease

A

an infection caused by the spirochete bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi (North America) and Borrelia afzelii (Europe). It is transmitted by a bite from a black legged (deer) tick

69
Q

what is the species of ticks assicated with Lyme disease?

A

Ixodes scapularis

70
Q

does everyone get the red skin rash characteristic of lyme disease?

A

no, they might not even know they were bitten

71
Q

what is used to treat lyme disease?

A

antibiotics - doxycycline

72
Q

what happens if lyme disease goes untreated?

A

it can progress to a more serious disease involving the joints, nerves, and heart

73
Q

can dogs and cats become infected with the lyme disease bacteria?

A

yes, but cats are far less commonly infected

74
Q

are dogs often exposed?

A

yes they often are exposed but rarely become ill

75
Q

what is RMSF caused by?

A

infection with the gram‐negative coccobacillus bacteria Rickettsia rickettsii

76
Q

what is the most severe tick-borne rickettsial illness in NA?

A

RMSF

77
Q

what are the primary vectors of RMSF bacteria?

A

The American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis) and

Rocky Mountain wood tick (Dermacentor andersoni)

78
Q

how does the disease usually begin in RMSF?

A

with fevers and feeling nauseous about a week after being bitten by a tick, although some people do not remember having had a tick bite

79
Q

what happens a few days after onset of RMSF?

A
  • people who have Rocky Mountain spotted fever often have a rash, usually on their arms or ankles
  • They also may have pain in their joints, stomach pain, and diarrhea
80
Q

what is the treatment for RMSF?

A

antibiotic - doxycycline

81
Q

what is babesiosis?

A

an infection caused by a malaria‐like protozoan

82
Q

how does the parasite of babesiosis enter the human?

A

when an ixodid tick, which is the definitive host of babesia, bites a human host and transfers the parasite while taking its blood meal

83
Q

what is the causative agent of babesiosis?

A
  • Babesia microti

- Babesia divergens

84
Q

in what kingdom are the Babesia sp.?

A

protozoans (kingdom), malaria like parasites

85
Q

how is human babesiosis or babesia transmitted?

A

by ticks

86
Q

where is babesia found?

A

in NA and Europe

87
Q

how long before a babesoisis patient shows symptoms?

A

1-4 weeks

88
Q

what happens after the incubation period of babesiosis?

A

a person will show non‐specific disease signs and symptoms such as malaise, fever, headache and chills

89
Q

what is the causative agent of most European babesiosis cases?

A

B. divergens

90
Q

who are the susceptible ones to B. divergens?

A

splenectomized individuals

91
Q

what is the treatment of babesiosis?

A

Most cases of babesiosis resolve without any specific treatment. For ill patients, treatment is usually a two‐drug regimen of quinine and clindamycin

BSC Zoology - Parasitology (27 decks)

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