2.4 Organic Com

Question 1

What is a functional group

Answer 1

Group/atom that gives the compound its characteristic properties

Question 2

Suffix for alkanes

Answer 2

Ane

Question 3

Suffix for alkenes

Answer 3

Ene

Question 4

Prefix and suffix of halogenoalkanes

Answer 4

Prefix - the halogen

Suffix - ane

Question 5

Suffix for alcohol (-OH)

Answer 5

Ol

Question 6

Suffix for carboxylic acids (-COOH)

Answer 6

Oic acids

Question 7

Prefix for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 carbons in chain

Answer 7

Meth, eth, prop, but, pent, hex

Question 8

Rules when naming organic compounds

Answer 8

• identify longest C chain that contains functional group
• identity the functional group
• number the C atoms in chain in order that gives any side chains or substituted groups the smallest numbers possible
• if there are side chains- add them as prefixes (if more than 1 place in alphabetical order)
• if 2 or more of the same functional group or side chain use prefixes (di, tri, tetra)

Question 9

Name the prefixes for these side chains, Cl, I, Br, F, 1C, 2C, 3C

Answer 9

Chloro, iodo, bromo, floro, methyl, ethyl, propyl

Question 10

What does empirical formula show

Answer 10

Simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element

Question 11

What does molecular formula show

Answer 11

True number of atoms of each element

Question 12

What does general formula show

Answer 12

All members of a homologous organic series

Question 13

General formula of alkanes

Answer 13

CnH2n+2

Question 14

General formula of alkenes

Answer 14

CnH2n

Question 15

What does structural formula show

Answer 15

Structural arrangement of atoms within a molecule

Question 16

what does Displayed formula show

Answer 16

Every atom and every bond in an organic compound

Question 17

What does skeletal formula show

Answer 17

Carbon/hydrogen backbone of the molecule as a series of bonds with any functional groups attached

Question 18

Effect of chain length on boiling temperature

Answer 18

Increases along with increasing length of chain
Due to increasing VDW forces
• chain branches reduce ability to form VDW - lower boiling temperature

Question 19

Effect of chain length on solubility

Answer 19

Increasing hydrocarbon chain decreases solubility

Due to hydrocarbon chains not interacting with H2O

Question 20

How does functional group affect boiling temperature

Answer 20

If the molecule is polar (has permanent dipole interactions) or can hydrogen bond- will have high boiling temperature eg alcohol

Question 21

How does functional group affect solubility

Answer 21

• If only Van Der Waals- cannot dissolve in water as not enough attractions with polar water molecules
• If it can hydrogen bond it will form them with water and dissolve
• solubility of alcohols and carboxylic acid decreases as chain length increases as hydrocarbon chain increases so large hydrophobic effect makes it insoluble

Question 22

What is a structural isomer

Answer 22

Compounds with same molecular formula but different structural formula

Question 23

What are the 3 types of structural isomerism

Answer 23

Chain, position and functional group

Question 24

Chain isomerism

Answer 24

C chain arranged differently

Question 25

Position isomerism

Answer 25

Functional group in different position

Question 26

Functional group isomerism

Answer 26

Functional group is different

Question 27

What is stereoisomers

Answer 27

Same structural formula with different arrangement of groups

Question 28

Examples of stereoisomers

Answer 28

E/Z isomers and optical isomers

Question 29

Why does E/Z isomers occur

Answer 29

In alkenes due to restricted rotation around the double bond

Question 30

What is a Z isomer

Answer 30

Priority groups on Zame side

Question 31

What is an E isomer

Answer 31

Priority groups on oppositE sides

Question 32

How to assign priority in e/z isomers

Answer 32

Atoms with highest Ar/Mr that us directly attached to C=C

Question 33

Why does E isomers tend to have stronger intermolecular forces and higher melting temperatures

Answer 33

Can pack together better than Z

Question 34

What is an electrophile

Answer 34

* Electron deficient species that can accept a lone pair of electrons * have positive charge or delta + * attack electron rich areas (negative)

Question 35

Common electrophiles

Answer 35

* H delta+ from HBr or H2SO4 | * Br delta + from Br2

Question 36

What is a nucleophile?

Answer 36

* Electron rich species that can donate a lone pair of electrons * have negative charge/ lone pair of electrons (must be shown) * attack positive or electron deficient areas * involved in nucleophilic substitution reactions with halogenoalkanes to form nitriles, amines and alcohols

Question 37

Common nucleophiles

Answer 37

* hydroxide ion -:OH * cyanide ion -:CN * ammonia molecule :NH3

Question 38

What is a radical?

Answer 38

* Species with an unpaired electron (show as a dot next to chemical symbol) * very reactive * UV light breaks down the bond - homolytic fission * Attack alkanes during halogenation

Question 39

Example of radical

Answer 39

Cl•

Question 40

What is bond fission

Answer 40

Splitting of a covalent bond

Question 41

What is heterolytic bond fission

Answer 41

One of bonded atoms receives both electrons from the covalent bond Ions are formed

Question 42

What is homolytic bond fission

Answer 42

Each of the bonded atom receives one of the bonded electrons Produces radicals