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Advanced higher biology > 2.4 sex and behaviour > Flashcards

2.4 sex and behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

Parental investment definition

A

Any time or energy invested to benefit their offspring.

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2
Q

Parental investment detriment to parents

A

Looking after existing offspring
Continuing to reproduce
Lose out on their own well-being and survival

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3
Q

When does parental investment occur

A

Where the benefits to the species outweigh the cost.

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4
Q

Sperm and egg parental investment

A

Male members of a species invest in producing as many sperm as possible to fertilise the egg, however female members produce far fewer egg cells and invest in providing nutrients for developing offspring.

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5
Q

Factors determining parental investment

A

Number of offspring produced
Environmental stability

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6
Q

Advantages of parental investment

A

Lower risk of young being predated
Increased size of offspring due to more successful parental hunting.

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6
Q

Low mortality rate in parental investment

A

Where a species produces very small numbers of eggs and undergoes intensive parental investment

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6
Q

K selected species

A

Larger and live longer
Mature slowly
Can reproduce many times in lifetime
Produce few larger offspring
High level of parental care
High survival rate of offspring
Selection tends to occur in stable environments.

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6
Q

Internal fertilisation

A

Where the sperm and egg nuclei fuse inside the female

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6
Q

High mortality rate

A

Where many eggs are produced but there is a low amount of parental investment and therefore many offspring die.

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6
Q

External fertilisation

A

Where the egg and sperm fuse outside the female typically in water

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7
Q

R selected species

A

Smaller and shorter lifespan
Faster generation time
Mature rapidly
Reproduce earlier and usually only once
Produce large quantities of offspring
Limited parental care
Most offspring don’t reach adulthood
Unstable environments selected for.

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7
Q

Courtship behaviour in external fertilisation

A

Individuals will signal to individuals of the opposite gender when their eggs are ready to be fertilised.

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8
Q

Water necessity in external fertilisation

A

External water prevents gametes drying out and allows sperm to swim through medium

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8
Q

Internal fertilisation requirements

A

Highly advanced reproductive systems
Cooperative behaviour
Copulation

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8
Q

External fertilisation requirement

A

Water
External stimuli and courtship behaviours

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9
Q

Environmental stimuli

A

Where environmental factors such as light intensity cause a species to undergo specific mating behaviours.

10
Q

Advantages of external fertilisation

A

Larger amount of offspring produced
Less parental investment needed so parents aren’t detrimentally effected.

11
Q

Advantages of internal fertilisation

A

Can occur when there is no external moisture
Higher success rate of offspring
More parental investment

12
Q

Disadvantages if external fertilisation

A

Many gametes predated or not fertilised
Few offspring survive
No or limited parental investment.

13
Q

Internal fertilisation disadvantages

A

Mates need to be located which requires large amounts of energy
Requires direct transfer of gametes from one organism to another.

14
Q

Monogamy

A

Where one female and male will mate for life

15
Q

Polygamy

A

Where one individual of a species will mare with many individuals of opposite sex.

16
Q

Polygyny

A

Where one male mates with many females of the same species

17
Q

Polyandry

A

Where one female mates with many males of the same species.

18
Q

Monogamy reason

A

Can provide high levels of parental care to the offspring giving them a better chance of survival.

19
Q

Polygyny reason

A

To allow the highest fitness individuals to pass their genes on to the next generation.

20
Q

Polyandry reason

A

To allow for increased variation in a species and allow the species to become better adapted to selection pressures.

21
Q

Sexual dimorphism

A

Where a male and female individuals in a species have different physical characteristics.

22
Q

Examples of traditional sexual dimorphism

A

Males are larger and have longer teeth in baboons
Male birds have bright coloured feathers to attract females.

23
Q

Reversed sexual dimorphism

A

Where female individuals in a species are larger and display characteristics that males would display in traditional sexual dimorphism.

24
Q

Examples of reversed sexual dimorphism

A

Angler fish
Some bat species.

25
Q

How does sexual dimorphism occur

A

By females sexually selecting the males with largest size and best weaponry - which will progressively be increased as these characteristics in males are passed onto the next generation.

26
Q

Characteristics which help in male male rivalries

A

Size
Weaponry
Sneakers

27
Q

Size in male male rivalries

A

Can help an individual outfight rivals of the same species

28
Q

Weaponry in male male rivalry

A

Can help an individual outfight rivals of the same species

29
Q

Sneakers in male male rivalry

A

Males impersonate a female and then mate with other females whilst males are competing with each other.

30
Q

Species specific stimuli

A

Features in a species which cause a fixed action response - for example the presence of the opposite sex or ultrasonic signals of bats

31
Q

Fixed action responses

A

An instinctive behaviour which a triggered by a species specific stimuli
For example mating dances and moths dropping to the floor.

32
Q

Female choices factors during sexual selection

A

Physical appearances - good genes
Chemical signals - good genes
Presence or absence of parasites - health

33
Q

Lekking species

A

Where a species uses allocated communal areas to provide an area to perform courtship displays. Ranging almost no interaction to cooperative dancing. This will allow for females to sexually select males of highest fitness.
Males and females will mate but don’t form long term bonds.

34
Q

Advantages of lekking

A

Provides an opportunity for females to assess the males for high fitness traits
Reduce risk of predation whilst searching for mates
Increase chance of encountering individuals of the opposite sex.

Advanced higher biology (11 decks)

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