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Sociology > Chapter 2: examining the social world > Flashcards

Chapter 2: examining the social world Flashcards

1
Q

Empirical knowledge

A

Knowledge that can be gained through the five senses

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2
Q

Scientific knowledge

A

Based on measurable phenomena

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3
Q

Theories

A

Explanation of how two or more facts are related

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4
Q

8 steps to research study

A

1) define, 2) review existing studies, 3) formulate hypothesis, 4) design plan, 5) select sample, 6) collect data, 7) analyze, 8) draw conclusions

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5
Q

Spurious relationship

A

No relationship between independent and dependent; third variable often changes both

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6
Q

Ethnography

A

Field study that includes self reflection

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7
Q

Triangulation

A

Use of multiple methods to enhance accuracy

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8
Q

Early Sociology influences

A

Religion and philosophy

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9
Q

Historical events influencing sociology

A

Industrial revolution, French Revolution, advances in natural sciences

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10
Q

Father of Sociology

A

August Comte

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11
Q

2 main concerns of Comte

A

What holds society together? Why is there change in society?

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12
Q

Ibn Kahldun

A

(1332-1406) 1st to suggest systematic approach to study the world

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13
Q

Sociological theories

A

Statements of how facts are related

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14
Q

Scientific Method

A

Systematic gathering and recording of data to test ideas

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15
Q

Social statics or structure

A

Provide order, stability and harmony

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16
Q

Social dynamics or process

A

Change and evolution in society

17
Q

Herbert Spencer

A

2nd Founder of Soc., naturalistic approach to studying society, “survival of the fittest”

18
Q

Scientific Sociology

A

Focus on pure, objective analysis, modeled on natural sciences

19
Q

Humanistic Sociology

A

Focus on human capacity to create meaning, cannot be quantified

20
Q

Social Improvement Sociology

A

Uses knowledge to accomplish something; includes critical, applied and public

21
Q

Symbolic Interaction Theory (social construction, interpretative theory

A

How people give meaning to everyday experiences. Emphasis on symbols. George Herbert Mead & Iowa School Approach; micro to meso theory

22
Q

Core Self

A

Connected to symbolic interaction theory; humans interpret new situations based on social position

23
Q

Rational Choice Theory (exchange theory)

A

People make choices based on utilitarian factors; micro to meso theory

24
Q

Utilitarian

A

Maximizes rewards and minimizes costs: self interest emphasis

25
Q

Structural-functional perspective (functional theory)

A

Assume social structure, culture, etc work together to ensure society operates smoothly; meso and macro level; Emile Durkheim, Robert Merton, Talcott Parsons

26
Q

Emile Durkheim

A

Studied suicide and social integration; connected to Functionalism (structural functional theory)

27
Q

Talcott Parsons

A

Developed all encompassing theory and analysis of society; connected to Functionalism (structural functional theory)

28
Q

Robert Merton

A

Focused on middle range theories (can be studied with empirical data) : manifest and latent functions, dysfunctions; connected to Functionalism (structural functional theory)

29
Q

Karl Marx

A

Father of Conflict Theory; communism

30
Q

Conflict Theory

A

Conflict is inevitable in any group or society; haves (bourgeoisie) vs have nots (proletariat); meso-macro theory

31
Q

Max Weber

A

Fits into micro and macro approaches; studied prosperous countries;

32
Q

Harriet Martineau

A

1st female sociologist, wrote “Society in America” linked to conflict theory

33
Q

W.E.B. Bois

A

1st African American to receive Phd from Harvard; focused on racial and social improvement issues; cofounded NAACP; linked to conflict theory

34
Q

Ralf Dahrendorf

A

Added categories to haves and have nots: quasi groups, interest groups, conflict groups; linked to conflict theory

35
Q

George Simmel

A

Conflict can hold groups together; linked to conflict theory

36
Q

Lewis Coser

A

Conflict strengthens society; linked to conflict theory

37
Q

Feminist sociological theory

A

Micro-meso-macro level; men have more privileges than women and minorities; Patricia Hill Collins

38
Q

Verstehen (understanding)

A

Actions that occur affect our interpretation of the social world and our actions

Sociology (4 decks)

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