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OS III > Sleep and Memory > Flashcards

Sleep and Memory Flashcards

1
Q

When is memory consolidated?

A

during sleep, emotionally significant memories especially

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2
Q

EGG waves are summation of what?

A

synchronous postsynaptic potentials (EPSP’s & IPSP’s) in large populations of neurons

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3
Q

The ______ the synchrony the _____ the amplitude

A

greater, larger

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4
Q

Sleep oscillates between _____ stages every _____ minutes (also name the two stages)

A

2 stages every 90 mins

REM & non-REM (slow-wave)

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5
Q

How are sleep stages distinguished?

A

distinguished by EEG

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6
Q

When do you see non-REM sleep? What happens to the EEG waves? When do you see slow wave sleep?

A

as sleep depends (stages 1-4)
EEG waves increase in amplitude & decrease in frequency
4th stage, however is curtailed through the night

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7
Q

What is REM sleeps EEG similar to? What is the frequency and amplitude of the EEG waves like?

A

waking

EEGs are low amplitude & high frequency

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8
Q

The first half of nocturnal sleep is dominated by _____ whereas the second half is dominated by _______.

A

SWS, REM

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9
Q

Do you spend more or less time in deep sleep as you age?

A

LESS; in early adulthood the amount of SWS begins to decline, elderly adults typically have relatively short periods of slow-wave sleep & fewer of them

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10
Q

The reticular pathways are for what and project to where?

A

for wakefulness/arousal; is initiated & maintained by them and project to the thalamus & cortex

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11
Q

Pathways that activate the THALAMUS facilitiate what and what is the pathway?

A

facilitate transmission of information from thalamus to cortex
cholinergic pontine pathways (pedunculopontine & lateral dorsal tegmental nuclei)

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12
Q

When is the cholinergie pontine pathway most active?

A

during waking & REM sleep; less active in non-REM sleep

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13
Q

Pathways that activate the CORTEX faciliate what and what are the pathways?

A

facilitate processing of input from thalamus

  • monoaminergic pathway: NE from locus ceruleus, serotonin from raphe nucleus, dopamine from periaqueductal grey
  • cholinergic pathway from basal forebrain nucleus
  • orexin/hypocretin pathway from lateral hypothalamus
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14
Q

What part of the brain regulates sleep?

A

hypothalamus specifically the VLPO (ventrolateral preoptic) nucleus; it inhibits (via GABA & galanin) all hypothalamic & brain stem nuclei that participate in arousal, induces drowsiness, discharges selectively throughout non-REM sleep

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15
Q

What does the suprachiasmatic nucleus respond to?

A

ambient light & dark cycles

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16
Q

What does the SCN project?

A

light-dark phases to supraventricular zone (SPZ) & dorsal medial nuclei of hypothalamus (DMH)

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17
Q

What does the DMH inhibit & what input does it need first?

A

with light DMH promotes wakefulness by inhiting VLPO via GABA neurons & stimulating orexin neurons via glutamate neurons

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18
Q

What do cytokines do in relation to circadian control of sleep?

A

disrupt circadian sleep cycle during illness= sleep during the day so can recover

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19
Q

How many sleep-wake phases are generated by different sets of reticular nuclei?

A

THREE

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20
Q

Cortical arousal and processing of sensory info is maintained by excitation of what three things?

A

cholinergric neurons from LDT, PPT
NE neurons
serotonin-5HT

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21
Q

What do cholinergic neurons from LDT, PPT activate?

A

thalamic processing of sensory information and activate cortex via nucleus basalis

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22
Q

NE neurons directly activate what?

A

cortex; NE comes from locus ceruleus

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23
Q

Serotonin-5HT directly activates what?

A

cortex; serotonin comes from dorsal raphe nuclei

24
Q

Memory consolidation occurs first in ________ and final consolidation of memory occurs in __________. What stage (SWS or REM) is each dominated by?

A

early nocturnal sleep: dominated by SWS stages 2, 3, 4

late nocturnal sleep: dominated by REM

25
Q

What is early nocturnal sleep good for?

A

consolidation of memory & procedural memory

26
Q

What is late nocturnal sleep good for?

A

final consolidation of memory

27
Q

In relation to causing wakefulness, what do neurons in the posterolateral hypothalamus do to the brainstem?

A

excites brainstem neurotransmitter system; it sends excitatory signals via forebrain & thalamus to the cortex & inhibits sleep-active neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic area

28
Q

Is SWS or NREM sleep inhibition or activation of cholinergic & adrenergic pathways? It is associated with synchronous activity b/w what parts of the brain?

A

INHIBITION

b/w the cortex & thalamus (SWs)

29
Q

During SWS/NREM sleep what neurons inhibit all the ascending arousal system? What are the parts of the ascending arousal system?

A

ventrolateral preoptic neurons inhibit.
includes: serotonin from the dorsal raphe nucleus; acetyl choline from laterodorsal tegmental & pedunculopontine areas LDT/PPT; NE from locus coeruleus

30
Q

What are the characteristics of SWS/NREM sleep?

A
  • decrease in afferent neural input into cortex
  • decrease in muscle tone, HR, breathing, BP & metabolic rate (can still be tossing & turning/sleep walking w/o dreaming); inactive mind in an active body
31
Q

REM sleep is excitation of what neurons from where? What do they stimulate?

A

cholinergic neurons from LDT/PPT

stimulate thalamo-cortical activity, rapid eye movement, & PGO waves in visual cortex

32
Q

What is inhibited in REM sleep?

A

serotonergric neurons in raphe

33
Q

What is REM characterized by?

A
  • high brain activity

- transient paralysis

34
Q

What are the two distinct types of REM?

A
  • phasic REM

- tonic REM

35
Q

What is phasic REM?

A

extensive rapid eye movements, high activity in several areas of the brain, external sounds (are suppressed)

36
Q

What is tonic REM?

A

absence of eye movements, increased reactivity to outside stimuli, increased activity in auditory cortex

37
Q

What is disinhibited in REM and what does this allow?

A

disinhibit cholinergic LDT/PPT neurons which activate thalamic structure and produce cortical desyncrhonisation
medial medullary nuclei produce atonia

38
Q

What are the characteristics of REM in general?

A
  • rapid eye movements
  • paralysis of lg muscles
  • increased BP, HR & metabolism
  • dreaming, visual hallucinations
  • active mind in an inactive body
39
Q

What are some physiological functions that correlate w/REM stage?

A
  • eye movements
  • heart rate
  • respiration rate
  • penile erection
40
Q

What do LDT/PPT cholinergic neurons do to REM activity?

A

STIMULATE IT!

41
Q

What do NE & serotonergic neurons do?

A

locally inhibit LDT/PPT neurons

42
Q

Feedback activity b/w LDT/PPT and NE & serotonergic neurons does what?

A

determines the length of REM & NREM sleep periods

43
Q

Declarative memories encoded by the ______ are _________ during SWS & thereby consolidated in several cortical areas for ________ storage.

A

hippocampus; reactivated; consolidated

44
Q

What neurotransmitter regulates the activation of memory traces in the hippocampus?

A

acetyl choline (from the nucleus basalis, septum & pontine nuclei)

45
Q

What does increased Ach do?

A

increases sensory input & encoding w/in the hippocampus

46
Q

What does decreased Ach do during SWS?

A

increases reactivation of memories in hippocampus & their transfer to neocortex

47
Q

During sleep what are reactivated and consolidated and where?

A

memories (especially emotional memories)

in the cortex

48
Q

Why don’t you form declarative memories as well during waking?

A

B/c they are labile & easily disrupted by interference of other sensory inputs

49
Q

Does reactivation during wakefulness have the same or opposite effect as reactivation during SWS? aka do you stabilize memories during wakefulness?

A

opposite effect, memories labile & easily susceptible to modest modification

50
Q

Memories consolidated during REM enable __________.

A

insight= discovery of hidden correlations across multiple episodes not just from one

51
Q

What do consolidated memories provide that facilitates learning & storage of new information of the same kind?

A

A SCHEMA

52
Q

What does the septum regulate? What does it underlie?

A

memory encoding in hippocampus

underlies theta rhythm

53
Q

What does the theta rhythm of the septum do?

A

separates encoding of current stimuli & retrieval or episodic memory cued by current stimuli–> so don’t get interference b/w simultaneous encoding & retrieval

54
Q

Where does the nucleus basalis (meynert) project to? To do what? What disease affects it?

A

Neocortex
to facilitate memory consolidation
degenerates w/Alzheimer’s

55
Q

What are the characteristics of Alzheimer’s disease?

A
  • degeneration of cortex, cholinergic & other neuromodulatory tracts
  • amyloid plaques (extracellular)
  • neurfibrillary tangles (intracellular)
  • inability to consolidate short term into long term memories
56
Q

What is the other disease which causes loss of memory consolidation?

A

Korsakoff’s syndrome; also causes cofabulation.
due to degeneration of thalamic nuclei & mammillary bodies from alcoholism.
bilateal hippocampectomy & loss of cholinergic septal input.
only long term memory present.

57
Q

What is the Papez circuit?

A

circular route which connects hippocampus/amygdala to cingulate & prefrontal cortex via mediodorsal thalamus

OS III (12 decks)

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