Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Organ Systems 3 Exam 4 > Limbic System Part 2 > Flashcards

Limbic System Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three manifestations of emotional experiences?

A

ANS (visceral, BP for ex.), Behavioral (eg. facial expressions), Subjective feelings (drives, desires)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What parts of the brain are involved in emotional responsivity and expression?

A

prefrontal cortex (orbitofrontal , vmPFC), anterior cingulate gyrus, insula, amygdala

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are feelings?

A

subjective experience of an emotional state based on active interpretations of physiological changes in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The physiological component of emotional experiences is mostly mediated by what nervous system?

A

the ANS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does the insula do?

A

a viscerosensory cortex that maps internal body states for emotional awareness- gut feelings, temperature and pain senroy, feelings related to self (how do I feel? am i thirsty, hungry, tired….). integrates bodily states into higher-order emotions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the difference in function between the posterior and anterior insula?

A

the posterior insula assesses interoceptive and exteroceptive information on pain, temp, touch, etc. send it to the anterior insula for perception of those states. anterior insula is aided by ACC and PFC.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How do the insula and cingulate gyrus work together?

A

insula is the limbic sensory cortex for novel stimuli, while the cingulate processes motivations and actions generated by those emotions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

anxiety disorders and fear conditioning are often associated with _________

A

hyperactivity of the insula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Empathy is mainly generated by:

A

anterior insula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How does empathy work?

A

observations of emotionally laden action generates an ‘as if’ construct that entails viscero-motor aspects of the emotion as if it were a first-hand experience. Requires the prediction of physiological reactions to a stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the function of the amygdala?

A

cognitive-emotional interactions, consolidating them into memory- attention and intensity of interpersonal emotions.
Regulates visceral and behavioral responses to fear/anxiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the three ascending and descending projections from the amygdala that contribute to affective attention?

A
  1. amygdala processes memory throughout the cortex (ascending projection)
  2. efferent projection to the visual cortex shape perception and awareness
  3. amygdala –>hypothalamus –>brainstem = descending pathway for physiological effects (ANS)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are some visceral responses that the amygdala mediates in response to fear?

A

increased HR, dec salivation, stomach ulcers, vigilance, urination, defecation, startle resposes….

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why does the amygdala respond more to fearful/startled faces than angry faces?

A

because it is readily engaged in ambiguou circumstances that require vigilance and attention (What are they afraid/startled by?)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does the amygdala maintain vigilance?

A

the amygdala activated the basal forebrain nuclei, increases acetyl choline that activates the cortex, particularly the sensory cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

coupling of sounds with electric shock to generate responses from the amygdala is called….

A

classical/Pavlovian conditioning, utilizing emotional memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

the _______encodes emotional memory and consolidates it as long term memory

A

the hippocampus

18
Q

During recall of emotional memory, the _______activates the _______ and ______ that express autonomic and behavioral aspects of learned emotional responses.

A

amygdala, brainstem, hypothalamus

19
Q

How do the amygdala, hippocampus and mPFC work together during a fearful situation (eg. seeing a snake)?

A
  1. Amygdala and mPFC retain association of the snake with fear.
  2. the mPFC regulated the amygdala response
  3. the hippocampus add context (is the snake in a cage or wild, is it hissing/rattling?)
20
Q

What areas of the brain are in the cue-processing system?

A

amygdala, sensory cortices (visual, auditory), posterior insula, parietal and temporal association areas

21
Q

What areas of the brain are in the context processing system?

A

vmPFC, hippocampus, anterior insula, anterior cingulate gyrus

22
Q

is amygdalar emotional memory retrieval conscious or unconscious? how do we know this?

A

unconscious. experiments in which an angry face was shown, followed 15msec later by a neutral face yielded no perception of the angry face but ANS responses did occur

23
Q

What structure mediates the unconscious nature of amygdalar emotional memory retrieval?

A

the pulvinar nucleus (also in blindsight pathway)

24
Q

What structure generates conscious memories about an emotional event? What type of memory is this?

A

the medial temporal lobe (hippocampus)- this is episodic memory

25
Q

What structure generates expressions of emotional responses? What type of memory is this?

A

the amygdala, this is semantic memory

26
Q

How are fear memories erased?

A

They’re not erased, they’re overridden. The vmPFC inhibits the amygdala. This is critical for adapting to new situations

27
Q

How does psychological stress result in strengthening of fear conditioning?

A

during stress the amygdala activates stress pathways in reticular formation and hypothalamus –> increased NE and DA which modulates the amygdala and the cortex–>inhibits the PFC, so inhibition of amygdala fear memories no longer present

28
Q

During stress, attention regulation switches from _______ to _________.

A

top-down to bottom-up control

29
Q

How does propranolol reduce anxiety?

A

a b-adrenergic antagonist, it inhibits the effects of NE. normally during stress, NE and cortisol work to enhance amygdala functions in increasing stress and sympathetic responses

30
Q

Lesions to the amygdala often present with what symptoms?

A

inability to recognize facial expressions, esp those of strong emotions. less aggression, inappropriate sexual behavior, inability to link past experiences to stimuli that have important behavioral consequences. no sense of personal space

31
Q

Anxiety and anticipation is thought to be mediated by:

A

the insula

32
Q

People prone to anxiety show an enhanced ______ response to an averse stimulus

A

insular

33
Q

working memory is what kind of function?

A

an executive function

34
Q

What is the major region of the brain involved in working memory?

A

the dorsolateralPFC

35
Q

What kind of executive control functions does the dlPFC do?

A

refining, formulating goals, solving problems, sustaining attention, screening distractions (meaning) and regulation behavior/emotion. inhibits inappropriate emotions. IMPULSE CONTROL and WORKING MEMORY

36
Q

What is a working memory?

A

underlies consciousness- dlPFC generate persistent activity to a stimulus, activity to sensory association cortices

37
Q

The medial and orbital PFC generates mainly ______ and connects to what structures?

A

medial and orbital PFC generate emotional aspects of a stimulus or reward aspects of a task. connect to anterior insula, hippocampus, amygdala

38
Q

The lateral PFC generates mainly ______ functions

A

executive functions (eg. planning, selective attention, regulation of behavior)

39
Q

What structure is affected in ADHD, how is it affected?

A

the dlPFC is underactive, with weakened connections to other brains, leading to poor sustained attention and weaker impulse control

40
Q

How do NE and DA affect working memory?

A

low doses—> nonalertness. optimal levels generate alertness, high levels generate tress, reduce performance and enhance distractibility

41
Q

What genetic alterations have been associated with ADHD?

A

mutations to a2A NE receptor and dopamine b-hydroxylase genes have been assoicated with ADHD. (these lead to decreased NE)

42
Q

late maturation of what structure is thought to be associated with risk-taking behavior in adolescents?

A

dlPFC

Organ Systems 3 Exam 4 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions