243 and 351 chapter 1

Question 1

develoment definition

not just about __

Answer 1

pattern of movement or change starting at conception and continuing throughout ones lifespan

not just about gains, loss too - neuronal pruning

Question 2

the field of lifepsan development describes and expains the intraindividual and interindiviudal differences - what does that mean?

Answer 2

intraindividual - changes within someone throughout their life

interindividual - developmental differences between people - why do some develop faster etc

Question 3

field of lifepsan is imortnat as it helps us

Answer 3

know whats typical, so we can help if someone is atypical
do basic research and learn why we develop the wya we do

Question 4

lifepsan developnet is an InterDisciplinary Disipline - what does that mean

Answer 4

means it involves info from cogntive psych, social psyc, personality psychology, neuro psych, and often beyond psychology (sociology, history, education, political science)

Question 5

Baltes talks about the different characteristics of lifespan - what are these?

Answer 5

LifeLong - conception to death
MultiDimensional - covers bio, cogntive, soical, emotional
Plastic - has capacity for change
MutliDisciplinay - covers biological and social systems, and social strucutres
Contextual - doenst happen in isolation - happens in context of family, school, location, friends,
Growth Maintence and Loss - isn’t just about growth
Co-Construction - of biological, culture, and individuality.

Question 6

what are Baltes 3 kinds of Contextual Influence on Development

Answer 6

Normative age Graded - puberty, menopause, age based norms

Normative History Graded - things in history like covid, wars, recessions

NonNormative Life Events - personalized unique life events - death of loved one, migration, etc

Question 7

what are the ecological systems of Bronfenbrenners Ecological systems theory?

Answer 7

Micro - impact child directly - family, friends, teachers
Meso - interaction of micro systems
Exo - institutions like media and healthcare that microsystems operate underneath (education standards of their country)
Macro - cultural values and beliefs that inform the institutions. culture values education so its free in Canada
Chrono - historical context that influences the current culture

Question 8

what are the 8 periods of development and the ages they apply?

Answer 8

Prenatal - conception to birth
Infancy 0-2,
Early Child - 2-6
Middle and late Child 6-11
Adolescence 11-18
Early Adult - 18-30s
Middle Adult 40-60
Late Adult 60+

Question 9

what are the 4 different conceptions of Age?

Answer 9

Chronological
Biological
Psycholgical
Social Age

Question 10

the 3 questions in lifespan development

Answer 10

are there universal stages in development?
what makes ind’s diff from each other
to what extent are these diff’s stable over time

Question 11

we ask to what extent is ind development Continuous or Discontinous - expand on what this means? which theory does each on represent

Answer 11

Continuous - a gradual accumulaiton of small quantitative changes - continuum theory

DisContinous - involving a series of qualatative transformations - Stages Theory

one is a smooth line, another is a ladder of stages to climb up

Question 12

we ask if changes are due to nature or nurture - expand on what each of these mean

Answer 12

nature - genes, hereditary info

nurture - expereince gathered from nteraction with phsycial and social world - learned info

Question 13

the questions of plasticity vs stability tries to infer…

Answer 13

the degree to whcih adn the conditions under which development is open to change and intervention

is there lifelong change or is infant determinsim correct

Question 14

what is infant determinism

what does it ‘hinge’ on

Answer 14

theory that a child’s first few years of life sets the stage for the rest of thie life. and if something goes wrong there they are screwed

hinges on Critical Periods

Question 15

diff between critical and sensitive periods

Answer 15

critical periods say that if you do nto develop during a certain time then you are out of luck

senstiive periods say that having the development during them can be more impactful, but that it isn’t impossible to acquire a skill even if its past the period it normally happens in

Question 16

slide 16 talks about additonal factors to consider in regards to development - what does it list

Answer 16

parenting
education
culture
ethnicity
gender
SES
cross cultural studies that arent foucsed on WEIRD

Question 17

4 steps of scientific method

Answer 17

coneptualize a process or porblem to study
collect research info
analyze the data
draw conclsuions

based on conclsuions we can reowrk original idea and update our hypotheses

Question 18

explain freud’s psychoanalytic beleifs regarding symblism and repression

Answer 18

true understanding of development requires analysis of the symboliv meanings of behaviour and dreams

can be symbolic of repressed sexual urges
we repress things into our subconcisou that reveal themselves in dreams and verabl slips
this represson unconscious desires fuels our personality

Question 19

freud’s topographical model of hte mind has what 3 categories

Answer 19

conscious - reality principle, seeing world accurately

unconscious - pleasure principles, not fully aware of them, holds our deepest desires and motivatiosn of Anger and Sex

preconscious - between the 2 - barely conscious, job is to prevent unconsciosu from being recognzied by our conscoisu awareness. where memories travel through

Question 20

freud’s strucutral model

Answer 20

id - innermost self, only strucutre present at birth, functions according to pleasure principle, seeks immediate gratification. urges for food sex and aggression

ego - has direct contact with reality. develops out of the id, functiosn according to reality and we are aware of it

superego - values and ideals of our society, internalized by the child as they grow, doesnt develop until ages 4-5

Question 21

freud says babies cant talk because

Answer 21

they don’t have an ego or superego, only id

Question 22

what do psychosexual stages result from

Answer 22

from the id focusng its energies on specifc areas of the body - erogenous zones

Question 23

what are the 5 Psychosexual stages

Answer 23

oral 0-1 1/2 years

anal 1 1/2 -3 years

phallic 3-6 years

latency 6 - puberty

genital puberty onwards

Question 24

what is Fixation

Answer 24

arrested psychosexual development in which energies remain focused on a particular erogenous zone

Question 25

how did erikson boraden the idea of the psychosexual stages of freud

Answer 25

he focused ont eh psychosocial stages these have a conflict between a + and - pole, finding the baalnce between the two results in the positive resolution of each crisis and earn a new Ego Strength

Question 26

psychosical stage of infancy

Answer 26

trust vs mistrust ES - Hope if needs are met, infants develop sense of basic trust

Question 27

psychosical stage of toddlerhood 1-3

Answer 27

Autonomy vs Shame ES - Will toddlers learn to exrcise their will and do things for themselves or htey doubt their abilities

Question 28

psychosical stage of of Early Childhood 3-5

Answer 28

Initiative vs Guilt ES - Purpose learn to initiate tasks and carry outplans or feel guilty about their efforts to become independant

Question 29

psychosical stage of Middle Childhood 6-12

Answer 29

Industry vs Inferiority ES - Competence learn to apply themselves to tasks or they feel inferior

Question 30

psychosical stage of Adolescence 13-20s

Answer 30

Identity vs Role Confusion ES - Fidelity work at refining a sense of sel fby testing roles and then choosing one, or becom econfused about who they are

Question 31

psychosical stage of Young Adult 20s-40s

Answer 31

Intimicay vs Isolation ES - Love gain capacity for intimate love or feel socially isolated

Question 32

psychosical stage of adulthood 40s-60s

Answer 32

Generativty vs Stagnation ES - Care discover way to contribute thorugh family or work or feel a lack of purpose

Question 33

psychosical stage of Old Age

Answer 33

Integrity vs Despair ES - Wisdom reflect on life - feel satisfied or like a failure

Question 34

list ego hopes in order

Answer 34

Hope Will Purpose Competence Fidelity Love Care Wisdom

Question 35

list erikson's stages in order

Answer 35

trust vs mistrust autonomy vs shame initiative vs guilt indsutry vs inferiority identity vs roel confusion intimacy vs isolation generativity vs stagnation integiry vs despair

Question 36

explain piaget's cogntive theory

Question 37

3 philsophers - early studies of hte mind

Answer 37

plato's rationalism - reality lies in the abstract ideas of objects that exist in our minds - only root to truth is thorugh reason and listening to ourselves aristotle's empriicism - reality lies in concrete world of objects our bdoues sense - root to truth is meticulous observations descartes dualism - i think thereofre i am - reality divided inot brain and mind

Question 38

what did doners mean when he said mental chronometry

Answer 38

said mental rpocesses happen serially - in order step by step (perception, motor selection etc)

Question 39

simpel reaction time vs choice reaction time

Answer 39

simple - see lgiht click one button choice - see iether left or or right light light, click correspodning button

Question 40

how did donder find the time it takes to make a choice reaction time average answer of reaction time

Answer 40

subtraction method! choice reaction time - minus simplce reaction time = how long it takes us to make a decision 1/10 of a second

Question 41

what is donder's assumption of serial stages in reaction time

Answer 41

assuming that the selection process was an entirely different step in reality making that selection is prob overlapping a few ohter processes we can't assume that mental process detection, identifiaction, response selection, and response execution happen in serial order - could be parralel - happen at the same time

Question 42

what is doner's assumption of pure insertion

Answer 42

that each step of selection process takes the same amount of time in truth adding extra stages does not change hte lenght of the other stages

Question 43

we can only infer mentral process responses based on __ and __

Answer 43

behaviours and outputs we don't know what is happening in mind

Question 44

how did ebbinghaus collect his data - qualatative or quantative? what question was he tryna answer what did he find

Answer 44

how rapidly do we forget learned information quantative method - read list of nonsense syllables til they were memorized took a break go back and see how long it took to relearn whawt he had forgotten shorter his break = fewer repetitions he needed to relearn list

Question 45

ebbinghaus used the savings method to measure forgetting time - how does it work

Answer 45

how many reps did we need to initially memoerize the list minus how many times we had to repeat the lsit after a break to relaern it divide answer by 10 to bring it to 0.2 for example, or 20%

Question 46

ebbinghaus found the pattern of forgetting over a few days was

Answer 46

forgetting occurs rapidly over the 1st 2 days, and then our memory decays slower after that

Question 47

willhelm wundt was the first to do what 4 things

Answer 47

First to establish psych lab First to say psyc is a separate science from Biology and Philosophy first to call himself a Psychologist Founder of experimental psychologist

Question 48

what was wundt's research - waht apporach was used

Answer 48

Studied Consciousness, goal was to break it down to basic elements His approach looked at using Structuralism. Where we view our experiences as being made up of diff elements called Sensations. Combo of sensations create experiences detected sensations was to using Analytic Introspection - highly practiced form of self examination

Question 49

we descrined the ocean adn an apple to describe what two concepts? define them?

Answer 49

Asking us to describe those experiences is an example of Introspection Asking to describe experiences and describe thought processes - that is Structuralism We take these elements of salty windy cold and we understand that that means Ocean.

Question 50

what is the signifigance of william James what was his work based on

Answer 50

wrote first textbook and taught first psyc course at harvard Based on Introsepction

Question 51

what woman challenged titchener didn't get her phd until years after she did it studied colour vision w hemholtz and published her take on it too

Answer 51

Christine Ladd Franklin

Question 52

who did mary calkins study under? what did they study what did she create what was her other big milestone

Answer 52

studying psych under William James shortly after his long textbook in late 1800s Originally studied dream content 1st female president of APA in 1905 - american psyc association Created 1st psych lab founded by a woman 1st course on teaching psyc was so popular they had to add more sections Denied a PHD from harvard

Question 53

who was the 1st woman to be awarded a doctorate in psych what was her reserach on what theory did she develop

Answer 53

Margaret floy Washburn animal cogntion, and basic physiological processes developed motor theory of cogntion

Question 54

Who is Leta Stetter Hollingworth? who did she study with what was thier reserach on what neg beleif of women was popular during her time that she challenged

Answer 54

Studied with edward thorndike Did most research on intelligence, focused work on gifted children at time where people thought woman were less smarter and invalid during menstruation - she chalelnged these assuptions and proved herself

Question 55

what african american psychologist did he tak about and what did he do significantly what was his 1st black acheivement waht did he study what did he prove

Answer 55

Charles Henry Turner 1st black scientist published in Journal Science cogntive perspective studying animal behaviour detail sin cosntructions (spider webs) reflected intelligence not instinct prove insects can hear high school teacher

Question 56

what were people's issues with introspection what emerged from its downfall who was one of the people who disliked introspection

Answer 56

Your experience of ocean is diff than everyone else, hard to verify results because of this - so what emerged from this was Behaviourism watson

Question 57

why do we talk about the mind as a black box in behaviours

Answer 57

Eliminated mind as a topic of study, instead says we can only focus on observable behavior Mind became a Black Box Stimuli goes in and behaviour comes out - we don't look at what happens in between

Question 58

list 3 famous Behaviourism reserachers and breifly their reserach

Answer 58

Watson - little albert - conditioned child to be afraid of white fuzzy things Pavlov - dog and bell experient Skinner - Operant Cond, - shaped by rewards and punishments

Question 59

who is founder of cogntive psych but who founded cognitive revolution

Answer 59

Nesser - textbook first in 1967 george miller - first studied mental capacity and info processing

Question 60

when talkng about the push against behavioursim why do we mention Tolman and Chomsky - what did they argue

Answer 60

Tolman - rats developing cognitive maps, memorized physical map Chomsky - kids born with innate ability to learn langauge

Question 61

cog revolution was not just push against behavioursim - also arrival of computers what 4 things came with the digital computer

Answer 61

- theory of Compuation - Information Theory - Computer Science - AI

Question 62

explain the 2 ttypes of AI

Answer 62

generative - excelts in creating content based on patterns Cogntie - goes a step further - analyze vast amounts of data, predict things, capable of learning

Question 63

behavioral methods of gathering data - there are four - some are barely used and some used often

Answer 63

natural observation - very little case studies - soemtimes correaltinal studies - sometimes self reports - sometimes controlled lab experiments - majority

Question 64

what do controlled lab experiemnts often look at weakness

Answer 64

Look at reaction time, accuracy, eye movements. Lab data is good because we can control every step with it - can be hard to see application in the real world, hard to generalize lab data to populations, especially if its from a unique set of people

Question 65

list differnent equipment used in lab experiments

Answer 65

computers response pads voice keys eye trackers

Question 66

types of computational models

Answer 66

mathematical symbolic connectionist reinforcemnet laerning biological dynamical systems bayesian