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Biology Of Sex Exam 2 > Psychology exam 2 > Flashcards

Psychology exam 2 Flashcards

0
Q

Aserinski -1950

A

Discovered sleep cycle and REM sleep

  1. Beta waves - low intensity ,very high frequency waves . Relaxed in preparation for sleep.
  2. Alpha waves drowsiness but not yet asleep. Calm or meditative state.
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1
Q

Hans Berger-1920

A 
Frequency and intensity
Discovered the (EEG) electroencephalogram in 1920
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2
Q

JB Watson

A

Classical conditioning with emotions ( Albert and rat)

Used paired association

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3
Q

John Garcia

A

Good aversion

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4
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Classical conditioning

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5
Q

Julian Rotter

A

Locus of control
The role of expectations in learning
Internalizers are more successful students

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6
Q

Martin seligman-

A

Learned helplessness
The role of beliefs in learning
(3 dog experiment

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7
Q

Albert Bandura

A 
Observational Learning ( Modeling)
Someone observes a behavior sequence a mental representation is formed
The role of schemas in learning 
-attend
-remember
-capable of doing the actions
-expect reinforcement for behavior performance 
( aggressive children video )
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8
Q

Hobson

A

Activation/synthesis; awareness of the brains internally generated signals during sleep ( pet scanner)

Dreams have no meaning

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9
Q

Carl hung

A

The unconscious mind is helpful and dream content must be amplified to be understood

Dreams make us whole and individuality.
Amplification

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10
Q

Freud

A

Dreams are the symbolic manifestation of repressed urges, wishes and desires

Manifest and latent content
Free association

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11
Q

Fixed ratio

A

Vending machine
Every time time behavior there is a reinforcer
Good to start off but not continue

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12
Q

Variable ratio

A

Slot machine gambler
Behavior difficult to extinct
Continue behavior without knowing when it will be reinforced but possible at any time ( chance of winning)

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13
Q

Fixed interval

A

Reinforced during set passage of time
( doesn’t matter how many times they do the behavior)

-Pay Check

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14
Q

Variable Interval

A

Intervals between reinforcers Varies.
Don’t know how long or when there will be reinforcement
( waiting for a call from attractive person/job) ( fishing )

Not efficient

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15
Q

Behavior Shaping

A

Reinforcing successively closer approximations of the desired behaviors until behaviors is achieved
( training dog to open trash can in 20 min)

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16
Q

Application ( Martin Seligman)

A

Exposure to uncontrollable aversive evens can produce passivity and learned helplessness.

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17
Q

Sensation

A

Detection of basic stimuli from the environment through the senses , sound, visual objects and odors .

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18
Q

Transduction

A

Form of physical energy is converted into a neural code that can be processed by the nervous system

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19
Q

Sensory thresholds

A

Smallest possible strength of a stimuli that can be detected half the time

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20
Q

Difference thresholds ( JND)

A

Smallest possible difference between two stimuli that can be detected half the time

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21
Q

Webers law

A

Size of a JND is a constant proportion of the size of the initial stimulus

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22
Q

Sensory adaption

A

Gradual decline in sensitivity to a constant stimulus
(Seasoning in food)
(Temperature in a pool)

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23
Q

Perception

A

Process by which the brain organizes , I terpenes and relates new data to existing knowledge

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24
Q

Top down perceptions

A

Conceptually given

Prior knowledge

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25
Q

Bottom up

A

Generate perception based on the constituent parts data given

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26
Q

Gestalt

A

The unified whole is different from the sum of parts

mind try’s to see everything as whole

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27
Q

Max Wertheimer

A 
Principles of perception 
Similarity
Closure 
Continuity
Proximity
Figure ground
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28
Q

Similarity

A

Similar things are perceived as being related

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29
Q

Proximity

A

Closeness of the item

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30
Q

Continuity

A

Expectations that movements will continue in a given direction

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31
Q

Closure

A

Filling in a missing piece

Circle

32
Q

Subliminal perception

A

Presented below absolute threshold ( not detectable )

Can bias a persons emotions thoughts and attitudes about something temporarily

33
Q

Sleep

A 
Awake but meditative state- beta
Stage 1- alpha high freq low intensity 
Stage 2- alpha / sleep spindle
Stage 3 - theta / delta
Stage 4 Delta low freq high intensity
Rem
34
Q

Sleep paralysis

A

Paralyzed during Rem Sleep

35
Q

Stage 4 Delta non rem sleep does what

A

Restores body

36
Q

Rem sleep consolidates what

A

Memory

37
Q

Insomnia

A

Inability to initiate or maintain sleep

38
Q

Sleep apnea

A

Interrupted sleep breathing

39
Q

Somnambulism

A

Sleep walking ( 25% of children have one episode )

40
Q

Rem sleep behavior disorder

A

Brain fails to suppress voluntary movement

Patient acts out dreams

41
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Cataplexy, hypnagogic hallucinations, sleep, attacks, sleep paralysis

42
Q

Hobson physiological views

A

Activation occurs in the pond as a dream generator
Stimulates:
Reticular (alertness)
Oculomor ( movement of eyeballs)
Vestibular( sence of balance and movement )

43
Q

3 states of consciousness

A

Sleep , wakefulness and dreams

44
Q

Dissociation

A

( splitting off your perception in life )

-Day dreaming

45
Q

Amplification

A

What does the symbol mean in art, religion and folk care

46
Q

Addiction

A

Tolerance and withdrawal

47
Q

Tolerance

A

Increasing amounts of a substance needed to get the desired effect

48
Q

Withdrawal

A

Person gets sick when the substance is discontinued

49
Q

LD-50

A

Lethal dose at which 50% of test subjects die

50
Q

Leaning

A

A relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience

51
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Establishing conditions under which a specific behavior is more likely to occur

52
Q

Reflex

A

A simple involuntary response to a specific stimuli

53
Q

Extinction

A

Eliminating a learned response

54
Q

Extinction burst

A
  • intense frequency burst of the behavior ( show balloon in face)
55
Q

Higher order conditioning

A

Means that a well established CS can be used as an UCS to produce a new conditioned response

56
Q

Stimulus generalization

A

Other stimuli relates to CS cause the same CR

57
Q

Discrimination stimulus

A

only the CS can cause the CR nothing similar ( cat food and cabinet door)

58
Q

Frequency-

A

How often

The more pairing of the neutral and the UCS the stronger the CR

59
Q

Timing

A

1/2 second between presentation is the neutral and UCS is ideal

60
Q

Food aversion

A

Violates two rules of classical conditioning

  • long time between pairings (hours not minutes
  • single trial learning (one time)
61
Q

Biological preparedness

A
  • individual becomes averse to the food not the plate or other neutral stimuli which are present during exposure
  • not everything a become a CS for food aversions
62
Q

Consciousness

A

Personal awareness of mental activity , internal sensations, and the world around us
( can associate taste but not pain with nausea)

63
Q

Alertness varies by degree

A

Peaks at 8-9am and pm

Lows at 3pm and 3am

64
Q

Circadian Rhythms

A

Variations in body states that occurs over a 24 hour period

Consciousness = alertness

65
Q

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

A

Bodies clock within the hypothalamus

(Light stimulates the optic nerves which are monitored by the SCN) Diminishes Melatonin

66
Q

Free running

A

The effect of being disconnected from indications of date, day and hour

(Circadian erythema become desynchronized)

67
Q

Average sleep

A

8 1/2

68
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Being rewarded for a behavior

69
Q

What is reinforcement

A

A reinforcer is anything that causes a behavior to reoccur

70
Q

What did Skinner Discover

A

Animal behavior patters can be modified by controlling the consequence

71
Q

Two types of reinforcement

A

Positive and negative

72
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Means a reward (behavior will continue)

73
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Aversive stimuli , something we will act to avoid or escape

nagging kids to wash dishes

74
Q

Punishment

A

To stop a behavior from reoccurring

Temporary fix

75
Q

Interval schedules

A

A passage/unit of time

76
Q

Cognitions

A

Belief and attitudes

77
Q

Skinner

A

Operant conditioning

Biology Of Sex Exam 2 (3 decks)

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