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Endocrinology > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Who was Han Selye? What idea did he come up with?

A

A famous Austrian-Canadian endocrinologist

“stress adaption”

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2
Q

What is the Zona glomerulosa? What does it produce? What is it’s product responsible for?

A 
the cortex of the adrenal gland
produces Aldosterone (a Mineralocorticoid) 
long term blood pressure
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3
Q

What is the function of the zone glomerulosa of the adrenal gland?

A

renal absorption of sodium and excretion of hydrogen and potassium ions

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4
Q

What hormone controls secretion of zona glomerulosa?

A

ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone)

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5
Q

What is Angiotensin II? Where is it released? What does it stimulate in the adrenal gland?

A

most powerful hormone causing vasoconstriction and subsequent increases in blood pressure

Released from liver
Causes release of aldosterone from adrenal gland

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6
Q

What are 2 examples of glucocorticoids? Where is their site of synthesis? What is their primary function

A

Cortisol, Coricosterone
Zona Fasciculate of Adrenal Gland
Metabolism of glucose

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7
Q

What is the secondary function of glucocorticoids from the zone fasicuclate

A

increase metabolism

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8
Q

What does the Zona reticularis of the adrenal gland secrete?

A

Androstenedione (precursor of testosterone)

DHEA (Dehydroepiandrosterone)

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9
Q

What layer of the adrenal gland is the medulla apart of?

What hormones does it secrete

A

Innermost part

Catecholamines such as: Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

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10
Q

What chemical class are Catecholamines a part of?

A

Mono-amino-acid derivatives

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11
Q

ACTH, STH, T4, and Blood glucose/pressure do what to adrenal gland?

A

control secretion

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12
Q

What is hypo secretion of the adrenal glands called?

A

Addison’s disease

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13
Q

What is hyper secretion of the adrenal glands called?

A

Cushing’s syndrome

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14
Q

When the adrenal glands don’t produce enough cortisol and aldosterone what is the affect?

A

Addison’s disease

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15
Q

What are symptoms of addison’s disease

A 
weight loss and decreased appetite 
hyper-pigmentation (gums purple, dark fingernails, skin darkens) 
salt craving
muscle or joint pain
body hair loss or sexual dysfunction
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16
Q

True or false, androgens can effect the libido of men and women?

A

true

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17
Q

What is the main cause of Addison’s disease?

A

adrenal cortex damage

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18
Q

True or false, a diseased pituitary gland can cause adrenal insufficiency

A

true

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19
Q

Patient’s with chronic asthma and those taking corticosteroids can cause what?

A

Addison’s disease or adrenal insufficiency

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20
Q

Too much Cortisol secretion can cause what

A

Cushing’s disease (hyper-active)

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21
Q

What are some symptoms of Cushing’s disease

A 
thinning of skin
bruising 
high blood pressure 
Puffy or "Moon face" 
Buffalo hump (back of neck and shoulders)
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22
Q

Other than filtering the blood, what other main function do the kidneys do/

A

Regulate blood pressure (maintain sodium and water)

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23
Q

True or false, kidneys are not involved in thirst

A

false, they are involved

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24
Q

Will increase in blood volume activate heart stretch receptors?

A

Yes

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25
Q

What are 3 hormones produced by kidneys?

A

1,25-dihydroxyviatmin D3
Erythropoietin
Renin

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26
Q

ADH (Anti-diuretic hormone), Renin (angiotensin), Parathyroid hormone, and Aldosterone are all important hormones in the function of what organs

A

Kidneys

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27
Q

What effect does Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) have on the kidneys? How?

A

Causes reabsorption of water directly from renal tubules

Acts on the epithelial cells at distal renal tubule

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28
Q

True or false, secretion of ADH will increase the concentration of sodium and waste products in the urine

A

true, ADH increase water reabsorption

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29
Q

What is the most abundant hormone of the Zona Glomerulosa? What class of hormones is it a part of

A

Aldosterone

Mineralocorticoid

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30
Q

What effect does aldosterone have on kidneys

A

Increases sodium and water reabsorption

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31
Q

When levels of potassium in the blood are increased, what is secreted? From where

A

Aldosterone

Zona Glomerulosa

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32
Q

The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone (RAAS) system regulates what?

A

blood pressure and fluid balance

33
Q

If there is a loss of blood pressure or volume, what is released? What cells signal its release?

A

Renin is released from macula densa cells signal (RAAS system)

34
Q

When macula densa cells sense a decrease in blood pressure, this causes what to decrease

A

decrease in glomerular flitration rate (GRF)

35
Q

True or false, the RAAS (Renin-angiostensin-aldosterone) system effects plasma osmolarity

A

true

36
Q

Plasma renin (renin from kidneys) activates the conversion of what?

A

Angiotensinogen (from liver) to Angiotensin 1 which is converted to Angiotensin 2 (by ACE enzyme in lungs)

37
Q

Angiostenin 2 from the RAAS system, causes what 2 things?

A

Blood vessels to constrict
stimulates the release of aldosterone (from adrenal cortex)
Aldosterone will increase reabsorption of sodium and water

38
Q

Name in order the organs involved in the RAAS system

A

Kidney
Liver
Lungs
Adrenal glands

39
Q

RAAS (Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone) increases filtration of what? What does it do to blood pressure

A

increases filtration of glomerular system

brings blood pressure back up to normal

40
Q

What does parathyroid hormone do to your kidneys

A

regulates calcium and phosphates

41
Q

True or false RAAS (Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone) stimulates the release of Norepinephrine, and this release can cause vasoconstriction raising blood pressure

A

True

42
Q

Where is Atrial Natriuretic Peptides (ANP) synthesized? What is its function?

A

Made in Atrium of the heart
Stimulates renal excretion of sodium by:
Decreasing secretion of Angiotensin II
Decreasing secretion of Aldosterone

43
Q

What controls secretion of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) from the Atrium of the heart? How?

A

Blood pressure, blood volume, plasma concentration

The Atrium of the heart expands with increased BP signaling the release of ANP

44
Q

What is the primary function of ADH (anti-diretic hormone)

A

increases renal absorption of water

45
Q

What is a physiological stimulant for releasing ADH

A

Increased BP, and Blood volume

46
Q

What is Central Diabetes Insipidus?

A

Decreased output of ADH

47
Q

What are 2 symptoms of Central Diabetes Insipidus

A

Excessive Urine ouput (polyuria)

Excessive thirst

48
Q

What are 4 physical characteristics of Central Diabetes Insipidus

A

Polyuria (excessive urination)
Dilute urine
Hypotension (decreased plasma volume)
Increased plasma concentration

49
Q

What are 2 ways your body compensates in Central Diabetes Insipidus

A

Increased Aldosterone secretion
Increased renal reabsorption of sodium
Excretion of Potassium and Hydrogen ions (increase BP)

50
Q

What is the etiology of nephrogenic diabetes? What are the physical characteristics?

A 
Abnormalities in the kidneys 
Physical characteristics:
Polyuria 
Dilute urine
Hypotension 
Increased plasma concentration
51
Q

In Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus what happens to your sensitivity to ADH and secretion of ADH

A

Decreased sensitivity

Increased secretion

52
Q

How to kidneys react in Nephrogenic Diabetes inspidus to ADH? What does your pituitary gland do?

A

They fail to respond to ADH, and don’t concentrate urine

Pituitary releases more ADH

53
Q

What is a drug that can cause Nephrogenic Diabetes insipidus

A

Lithium

54
Q

True or false, high levels of calcium or potassium can block ADH receptors and cause Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus

A

True

55
Q

In the Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion, what happens to ADH levels? What happens to patients?

A 
ADH levels spike
Causes fluid overload in patients: 
Strokes
Head Trauma
Brain Tumors
56
Q

Insulin is secreted from what organ? What is the cell type that releases it? What is Insulins chemical class? Function of insulin?

A

Pancreas
Beta cells
PPP
Decrease blood glucose

57
Q

What is the site of synthesis of glucagon? What is its primary and secondary function

A

Alpha cells (Islets of Langerhans) in the Pancreas
Primary: Increase blood glucose
Secondary: Decrease plasma Ca+

58
Q

What organ is effected by Diabetes Mellitus? Are there types of Diabetes Mellitus?

A

Pancreas

Yes, Type 1 (insulin dependent) and Type 2 (non-insulin dependent)

59
Q

Juvenile onset diabetes is associated with which type of diabetes?

A

Type 1

60
Q

What happens to the pancreas in Type 1 diabetes?

A

Immune system attacks the beta cells

61
Q

Type 2 diabetes is typically called what? What is the patients sensitivity to insulin?

A

Adult onset diabetes

they are insulin insensitive

62
Q

What are 6 complications of diabetes

A 
Coronary heart disease 
Diabetic retinopathy
Retinal detachment 
Cataracts and glaucoma 
Kidney damage 
Nerve damage
63
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH) and Follice stimulating hormone (FSH) are known as what other name? What do they stimulate? What are they essential in?

A

Gonadotropin
Stimulate the gonads
Essential for reproduction

64
Q

True or false, LH secretes sex steroids?

A

True

65
Q

What does LH do in the testes? What about the ovaries?

A

In testes: binds to receptors (leydig cells) releasing testosterone
In ovaries: theca cells respond to LH, coverts testosterone to estrogen via granulosa cells

66
Q

What does FSH do in women? What about men?

A

Women: stimulates maturation of ovarian follicles
Men: Supports sperm cell maturation

67
Q

What controls secretion of gonadotropin?

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

68
Q

What are 4 symptoms of low FSH levels in men

A

erectile dysfunction
decreased libido
infertility
low energy

69
Q

What are 2 symptoms of high FSH levels in men

A

headaches

hormonal deficiencies

70
Q

What is Clomid?

A

Most frequently prescribed fertility drug (increases Gonadotropin, FSH, LH)

71
Q

What is main common side effect of Clomid

A

headache

72
Q

What are the 2 digestive hormones that control stomach acid?

A

Gastrin and Somatostatin

73
Q

What does Gastrin do? What cells secrete it?

A

increases gastric acid secretion

G cells in stomach

74
Q

What does somatostatin do digestively

A

reduces gastrin and stomach acid

75
Q

What common aspect of digestion are Grehlin and CCK involved in?

A

appetite
CCK: reduces it
Grehlin: stimulates it

76
Q

What releases CCK?

A

I cells in the duodenum and jejunum

77
Q

What hormone neutralizes stomach acid? What secretes it?

A

Secretin

S cells of duodenum and jejunum

78
Q

What does motilin do?

A

Controls peristalsis

Endocrinology (2 decks)

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