Chapter 1: Introduction (Basic Principles)

Question 1

the study of substances that interact with living systems through chemical processes, especially by binding to regulatory molecules and activating or inhibiting normal body processes.

Answer 1

Pharmacology

Question 2

defined as the science of substances used to prevent, diagnose, and treat disease

Answer 2

medical pharmacology

Question 3

the branch of pharmacology that deals with the undesirable effects of chemicals on living systems, from individual cells to humans to complex ecosystems

Answer 3

Toxicology

Question 4

is the study of the genetic variations that cause differences in drug response among individuals or populations. Future clinicians may screen every patient for a variety of such differences before prescribing a drug.

Answer 4

Pharmacogenomics

Question 5

These are of three major types of bond

Answer 5

covalent, electrostatic, and hydrophobic

Question 6

an inactive precursor chemical that is readily absorbed and distrib- uted must be administered and then converted to the active drug by biologic processes—inside the body

Answer 6

prodrug.

Question 7

common type of permeation

Answer 7

Passive diffu- sion

Question 8

determines how readily the drug molecule moves between aqueous and lipid media

Answer 8

aqueous partition coefficient

Question 9

are selective, saturable, and inhibitable (type of transport)

Answer 9

active transport or facilitated diffusion

Question 10

pro- cess by which the substance is bound at a cell-surface receptor, engulfed by the cell membrane, and carried into the cell by pinching off of the newly formed vesicle inside the membrane.

Answer 10

4. Endocytosis and exocytosis

Question 11

This process is responsible for the trans- port of vitamin B12, complexed with a binding protein (intrinsic factor) across the wall of the gut into the blood

Answer 11

4. Endocytosis and exocytosis

Question 12

iron is transported into hemoglobin-synthesizing red blood cell precursors in association with the protein transferrin

Answer 12

4. Endocytosis and exocytosis

Question 13

many neurotransmit- ter substances are stored in membrane-bound vesicles in nerve endings to protect them from metabolic destruction in the cyto- plasm ( what process of transport)

Answer 13

exocytosis

Question 14

the science of drug preparation and the medical use of drugs—began to develop as the precursor to pharmacology.

Answer 14

materia medica

Question 15

hindu 760 medicinal herbs

Answer 15

susruta

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study of effects of drug on population

Answer 16

pharmacoepidemiology

Question 17

study of drug cost effectiveness

Answer 17

pharmacoeconomics

Question 18

1. The primary consideration in all clinical trials is to
   (A) Determine the safety of the drug
   (B) Determine the efficacy of the drug
   (C)Ensure that there is no risk to the subject
   (D) Provide for the welfare of the subject

Answer 18

1. D. There is always some degree of risk in clinical trials; the object is to minimize the risk to the pa- tient. The primary consideration in any clinical trial is the welfare of the subject. The safety of the drug is one objective for certain clinical trials as is the ef- ficacy of the drug in other trials.

Question 19

3. The history of pharmacology includes a long list of
   heroes. The person considered to be the founder of American pharmacology is
   (A) Claude Bernard
   (B) Rudolph Bucheim
   (C) John Jacob Abel
   (D) Oswald Schmeideberg

Answer 19

C. John Jacob Abel occupied the first chair of a de- partment of pharmacology in the United States. This was at the University of Michigan. Abel subse- quently left Michigan to chair the first department of pharmacology at Johns Hopkins University. Claude Bernard was an early French physiologist and pharmacologist. Rudolph Bucheim established one of the first pharmacology laboratories at the University of Dorpat (Estonia). Oswald Schmiedeberg is considered the founder of pharma- cology. He trained approximately 120 pupils from around the world, including the father of American pharmacology, John Jacob Abel.

Question 20

was written about 2700 B.C. and contained classifications of individual me- dicinal plants as well as compilations of plant mixtures to be used for medical purposes

Answer 20

Pen Tsao

Question 21

contains about 800 prescriptions quite similar to those written today in that they have one or more active substances as well as vehicles (animal fat for ointments; and water, milk, wine, beer, or honey for liquids) for suspending or dissolving the active drug

Answer 21

Ebers papyrus (1550 B.C.),

Question 22

the science of preparing, com- pounding, and dispensing medicines

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pharmacy

Question 23

the identification and preparation of crude drugs from natural sources).

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pharmacognosy

Question 24

founder of modern pharmacology

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Oswald Schmeideberg

Question 25

Offers maximal convenience; absorption is often slower. Subject to the first-pass effect, in which a significant amount of the agent is metabolized in the gut wall, portal circulation, and liver before it reaches the systemic circulation

Answer 25

Oral (swallowed)

Question 26

Direct absorption into the systemic venous circulation, bypassing the hepatic portal circuit and first-pass metabolism

Answer 26

Buccal and sublingual

Question 27

Instantaneous and complete absorption (by definition, bioavailability is 100%). Potentially more dangerous

Answer 27

Intravenous

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Often faster and more complete (higher bioavailability) than with oral administration. Large volumes may be given if the drug is not too irritating. First-pass metabolism is avoided.

Answer 28

Intramuscular

Question 29

Slower absorption than the intramuscular route. First-pass metabolism is avoided.

Answer 29

Subcutaneous

Question 30

The rectal route offers partial avoidance of the first-pass effect. Larger amounts of drug and drugs with unpleasant tastes ate better administered rectally than by the buccal or sublingual routes

Answer 30

Rectal (suppository)

Question 31

Route offers delivery closest to respiratory tissues (eg, for asthma). Usually very rapid absorption (eg, for anesthetic gases)

Answer 31

Inhalation

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The topical route includes application to the skin or to the mucous membrane of the eye, ear, nose, throat, airway, or vagina for local effect

Answer 32

Topical

Question 33

The transdermal route involves application to the skin for systemic effect. Absorption usually occurs very slowly (because of the thickness of the skin), but the first-pass effect is avoided

Answer 33

Transdermal

Question 34

Substances that act on biologic systems at the chemical (molecular) level and alter their functions

Answer 34

Drugs

Question 35

The molecular components of the body with which drugs interact to bring about their effects

Answer 35

Drug receptors

Question 36

The phase of drug movement from the site of administration into the tissues.

Answer 36

Distribution Phase

Question 37

The phase of drug inactivation or removal from the body by metabolism or excretion

Answer 37

Elimination Phase

Question 38

Absorption of material across a cell membrane by enclosing it in cell membrane material and pulling it into the cell, where it can be released.

Answer 38

Endocytosis:

Question 39

Movement of a molecule (eg,drug) through the biologic medium

Answer 39

Permeation

Question 40

expulsion of material from vesicles in the cell into the extracellular space

Answer 40

Exocytosis:

Question 41

The action of a drug on the body, including receptor interactions, dose-response phenomena, and mechanisms of therapeutic and toxic actions

Answer 41

Pharmacodynamics.

Question 42

The actions of the body on the drug, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination. Elimination of a drug may be achieved by metabolism or by excretion. Biodisposition is a term sometimes used to describe the processes of metabolism and excretion

Answer 42

Pharmacokinetics

Question 43

A specialized molecule, usually a protein, that carries a drug, transmitter, or other molecule across a membrane in which it is not permeable, eg, Na+/K+ATPase, serotonin reuptake transporter, etc

Answer 43

Transporter

Question 44

Drugs are chemicals that modify body functions. They may be ions, carbohydrates, lipids, or proteins. They vary in size from lithium (MW 7) to proteins (MW>50,000)

Answer 44

Nature of drugs

Question 45

Most drugs are administered at a site distant from their target tissue. To reach the target, they must permeate through both lipid and aqueous pathways. Movement of drugs occurs by means of aqueous diffusion, lipid diffusion, transport by special carriers, or by exocytosis and Endocytosis

Answer 45

Drug permeation

Question 46

Aqueous diffusion and lipid diffusion are predicted by Fick’s law and are directly proportional to the concentration gradient, area, and permeability coefficient and inversely proportional to the length or thickness of the diffusion path

Answer 46

Rate of diffusion

Question 47

Because the permeability coefficient of a weak base or weak acid varies with the pH according to the Henserson Hasselbalch equation, drugs may be trapped in a cellular compartment in which the pH is such as to reduce their solubility in the barriers surrounding the compartment

Answer 47

Drug tapping

Question 48

Drugs are usually administered by one of the following routes of administration: oral, buccal, sublingual, topical, transdermal, intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, or rectal, or by inhalation

Answer 48

Routes of administration

Question 49

After absorption, drugs are distributed to different parts of the body depending on concentration gradient, blood flow, solubility, and binding in the tissue

Answer 49

Drug distribution

Question 50

Drugs are eliminated by reducing their concentration or amount in the body. This occurs when the drug is inactivated by metabolism or excreted from the body

Answer 50

Drug elimination

Question 51

The rate of elimination of drugs may be zero order (ie, constant regardless of concentration) or first order (ie, proportional to the concentration)

Answer 51

Elimination kinetics