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patho test 2 > 8 > Flashcards

8 Flashcards

1
Q

High osmolarity causes:

A

Thirst  increased water intake

ADH release  water reabsorbed from urine

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2
Q

Low osmolarity causes:

A

Lack of thirst  decreased water intake

Decreased ADH release  water lost in urine

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3
Q

Capillary pressure - pushes

A

water out of cap, perssure goes up water gos out

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4
Q

Capillary colloidal osmotic pressure pulls

A

water back into capillaries

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5
Q

interstitial fluid pressure -

A

stops movement of fluid from capillary

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6
Q

tissue colloidal pressure pulls

A

water from capillary into tissue spaces

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7
Q

Hydrostatic pressure can be thought of as………. and osmotic pressure can be thought of as ……pressure.

A

.. “pushing pressure,”.., ….“pulling”

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8
Q

Edema-

A

is fluid in the interstitial space

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9
Q

Pedal edema-

A

sweeling of the feet

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10
Q

dec capillary colloidal osmotic pressure –

A

loss of proteins - albumin is the smallest, decreased proteins control *decreased permeability *

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11
Q

inc capillary permeability -

A

increase pores

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12
Q
  • lymphedema
A

obstruction of lymph flow

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13
Q

Sodium (Na+) - controls

A

ECF(Extracellular) osmolality

most abundant cation - enters in GI - leaves by kidney

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14
Q

Why would “retaining sodium” cause high blood pressure?

A

Sodium bonds to water

When you have sodium and water being retain when it goes in the veins.

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15
Q

Hypodipsia –

A

drink less elderly

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16
Q

Polydipsia-
True
False
Psychogentic

A

True, symptomatic- hypothalamus tell you to drink cuz your need water you truly need it.

False, secondary(causes by something else), inappropriate(false), heart is holding water, fluid is not going out to the body hypothalmas thinks you need water.
Kidney-filters , kidney flails , ie excrete all fluids

Psychogenic, compulsive- psychological, SZ Sx drink a lot

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17
Q

First response of a fluid hormone is to

A

retain fuild!

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18
Q

ADH – anti diuretic hormone –

A

Vasopressin, we should be 70% water! (will also retain Sodium) retains sodium(Na) kick potassium(k). Happens when pain trauma stress
Vasopressin- contracts vessels

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19
Q

Increase ADH - caused by

A

pain, trauma, nausea, surgery, narcotics, nicotine

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20
Q

alcohol lowers

A

ADH- thus why we pee more when we drink

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21
Q

diabetes insipidus-(has nothing to glusoce) –

A

frequent peeing unable to concentrate urine - does not respond to ADH usually deficiently

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22
Q

syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH) -

A

failure of negative feedback system, pee too much

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23
Q

Aldosterone supports…. secretion and suports … retention

A

Supports K+ secretion

supports Na+ and H2 retention

24
Q

stress, trauma inc cortisol which increases aldosterone so increase transfer of

A

IntraCellFluid K+ to ECF –results in hypokalemia (excreted)

25
Q

Addison’s)

A

deficiency in aldosterone effect – (Addison’s)
prevents K+ excretion
treat with glucose to move K+ back to ICF

26
Q

hypovolemia

A

dec in ECF

27
Q

inc in ECF

A

retention (na and h20 resorbed)

Renal failure, heart failure

28
Q

Hyponatremia - < 135 mEq/l – Chart 31-6

A

if inc h2o, then dec Na+

Muscle cramps, weakness

29
Q

hypernatremia - > 145 mEq/l – Chart 31-7

A

if inc sodium in serum, then cell dehydration results

30
Q

Second most abundant cation - major in ICF

A

K+(Potassium)

31
Q

hypokalemia -

A

cardiac sx, but not serious Ch 31-8 not usally ACUTE

Slowing down heart rate, less O more tired.

32
Q

hyperkalemia -

A

if cardiac sx, potentially fatal stops performing – Chart 31-9. too much K HR to much heart contractility. Will have Heart firing in other spots. Cardiac arrhythmia abnormal heart beat.

33
Q

Hyperkalemia raises

A

resting potential toward threshold
Cells fire more easily
When resting potential reaches threshold, Na+ gates open and won’t close

34
Q

Calcium

A

absorbed from GI (intestine) - stored in bone - excreted by kidney

35
Q

Calcium, controls (stable)

A

neural messages

36
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

to much firing

37
Q

Hypomagnesemia

A 
(Helps with Calcium nerve controlling)
- symptoms only if severe 
malnutrition, malabsorption, laxative abuse
usually hypo Ca, hypo K
diuretics
sx inc neuro excitability
38
Q

hypermagnesemia -

A

rare
renal failure, elderly
hyporeflexia, dullness

39
Q 
Acid (H+)
Blocks 
Controls
Byproducts of 
“Food”
A

Blocks Na+ gates
Controls respiratory rate
Individual acids have different functions:
Byproducts of energy metabolism (carbonic acid, lactic acid)
Digestion (hydrochloric acid)
“Food” for brain (ketoacids)

40
Q

Acidosis -

alkalosis -

A

DEC in pH

increase pH

41
Q

metabolic - alt bicarb (base) in ECF
dec pH, dec bicarb =
inc pH, inc bicarb =

A

=acidosis

=alkalosis

42
Q

respiratory - alt CO2 (acid)
dec pH, inc CO2 =
inc pH, dec CO2 =

A

=acidosis

=alkalosis

43
Q

Metabolic acidosis

Increased levels of

A

ketoacids, lactic acid, etc.

Decreased bicarbonate levels

44
Q

Metabolic alkalosis

Decreased

A

H+ levels Increased bicarbonate level

45
Q

Co2is toxin in

A

is toxic to brain

46
Q

Dec pH, dec bicarb

inc respiratory rate to release CO2

A

Metabolic Acidosis

47
Q

lactic acidosis

A

-inadequate oxygen,ketoacidosis

unavailable carbs so fatty acids mobilized - become ketones if excess

48
Q

lactic acidosis

A

-inadequate oxygen

49
Q

,ketoacidosis

A

unavailable carbs so fatty acids mobilized - become ketones if excess

50
Q

CO2 + H2O   H2CO3   H+ + HCO3-

A

get money

51
Q

work with and explain action potential thresholds and if you have less NA orK+

A

get money

52
Q 
Dec pCO2, dec H2CO3, Inc pH
hyperventilation
lightheaded, dizzy
paresthesias
short periods of apnea
treat with rebreather
A

Respiratory alkalosis

53
Q

Byproducts of energy metabolism
Digestion
“Food” for brain

A

Byproducts of energy metabolism (carbonic acid, lactic acid)
Digestion (hydrochloric acid)
“Food” for brain (ketoacids)

54
Q

Respiratory acidosis

A 
Inc pCO2, H2CO3, dec pH
acute - narcotic overdose, lung injury
chronic - emphysema
HA, blurred vision, inc HR and BP - flushed - irritable, muscle twitching
ventilation
55
Q 
Dec pCO2, dec H2CO3, Inc pH
hyperventilation
lightheaded, dizzy
paresthesias
short periods of apnea
treat with rebreather
A

Respiratory alkalosis

56
Q

Byproducts of energy metabolism
Digestion
“Food” for brain

A

Byproducts of energy metabolism (carbonic acid, lactic acid)
Digestion (hydrochloric acid)
“Food” for brain (ketoacids)

57
Q

Respiratory acidosis

A 
Inc pCO2, H2CO3, dec pH
acute - narcotic overdose, lung injury
chronic - emphysema
HA, blurred vision, inc HR and BP - flushed - irritable, muscle twitching
ventilation

patho test 2 (6 decks)

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