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PARASITOLOGY > M1: Medically Important Parasites > Flashcards

M1: Medically Important Parasites Flashcards

0
Q

Classification to any group or subdivision is based predominantly on

A

Morphologic characteristics

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1
Q

The parasites of man are mostly contained in around

A

8 Subdivisions or Phyla

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2
Q

Three Parasitic Subkingdoms

A

Metazoa, Arthropoda and Protozoa “MAP”

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3
Q

Phyla under Subkingdom Protozoa

A

Sarcomastigophora, Ciliphora, Apicomplexa and Microspora “SCAM”

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4
Q

Subphyla under Phylum Sarcomastigophora

A

Sarcodina & Mastigophora “SM”

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5
Q

Class under Phylum Apicomplexa

A

Class Sporozoa

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6
Q

Phyla under Subkingdom Metazoa

A

Nemathelminthes, Annelida & Platyhelminthes “NAP”

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7
Q

Class under Phylum Nemathelminthes

A

Secernentia & Adenophorea “SA”

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8
Q

Class under Phylum Platyhelminthes

A

Cestoda & Trematoda “CT”

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9
Q

Order under Class Cestoda

A

Cyclophyllidea & Pseudophyllidea “CP”

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10
Q

Unicellular, single cell like unit. Provided with nucleus, cytoplasm, outer limiting membrane and cellular elaborations called organelles.

A

Protozoans

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11
Q

In Protozoans: Require a _____ environment for feeding, locomotion, osmoregulation and reproduction.

A

Wet

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12
Q

In Protozoans: They form this form _______ and ______.

A

Trophozoites and Cysts.

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13
Q

In Protozoans: for active feeding

A

Trophozoites

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14
Q

In Protozoans: inactive and resistant to environmental changes

A

Cysts

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15
Q

In Protozoans: The only exception because they do not form cysts and trophozoites because their intermediate form is ________.

A

Naegleria. Flagellate.

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16
Q

In Protozoans: Nutrition of all protozoans are _________. Require organic materials which may be particulate or solution.

A

Holozoic

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17
Q

Subphyla Mastigophora: Organelle of locomotion

A

Flagella

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18
Q

Subphyla Mastigophora: mode of reproduction

A

Asexual. Longitudinal.

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19
Q

Subphyla Mastigophora: Example of parasites

A

Giardia, Chilomastix, Trichomonas, Trypanosoma, Dientamoeba & Leishmania “GCTTDL”

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20
Q

Subphyla Mastigophora: Disease associated with Trichomonas

A

Trichimoniasis

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21
Q

Subphyla Mastigophora: Disease associated with Leishmania

A

Leishmaniasis (cutaneous/visceral)

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22
Q

Subphyla Mastigophora: Disease associated with Trypanosoma

A

Tryponosomiasis, Chagas Disease & African Sleeping Sickness “TCA”

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23
Q

Subphyla Mastigophora: An american Tryponosomiasis

A

Chagas Disease

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24
Q

Subphyla Sarcodina: organ of locomotion which has a hyaline-foot like extrusions from the ectoplasm

A

Pseudopodia

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25
Q

Subphyla Sarcodina: mode of reproduction

A

Asexual reproduction either intestinal or extraintestinal

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26
Q

Subphyla Sarcodina: Parasites which has Intestinal asexual reproduction

A

Entamoeba spp., Iodamoeba butschii & Endolimax nana “EIE”

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27
Q

Subphyla Sarcodina: is the one capable of causing the disease, other species are commensal.

A

Entamoeba histolyca

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28
Q

Subphyla Sarcodina: Parasites which has Extraintestinal asexual reproduction

A

Acanthamoeba, Naegleria & Entamoeba gingivalis “ANE”

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29
Q

Phylum Ciliophora: organ of locomotion

A

Cilia

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30
Q

Phylum Ciliophora: mode of reproduction

A

Asexual reproduction. Transverse.

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31
Q

Phylum Ciliophora: example of parasite

A

Balantidium coli

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32
Q

Phylum Ciliophora: Disease associated with Balantidium coli

A

Balantidiasis (Balantidial dysentery)

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33
Q

Presence of an apical complex at the anterior end (polar rings, subpellicular tubules, conoid, rhoptries & micronemes) these structures are involved in the penetration and invasion of target cells. All members are parasitic.

A

Phylum Apicomplexa. Class Sporozoa.

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34
Q

Class Sporozoa: Life cycle is characterized by an alteration of ________. One asexual and one sexual.

A

Generation

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35
Q

Class Sporozoa: Other term for Asexual

A

Schizogony

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36
Q

Class Sporozoa: Other term for Sexual

A

Sporogony

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37
Q

Class Sporozoa: Very important groups of parasites that fall under this class

A

Plasmodium, Toxoplasma gondii & Babesia “PTB”

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38
Q

Class Sporozoa: causes fever and anemia in immunosupressed individuals

A

Babesia spp. Babesiosis.

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39
Q

Class Sporozoa: causes toxoplasmosis.

A

Toxoplasma gondii

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40
Q

Class Sporozoa: Parasites under Toxoplasma gondii

A

Iscopora belli, Cryprosporidium hominis & Cyclospora cayetanesis “ICC”

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41
Q

Class Sporozoa: Disease associated with Cryptosporidium hominis

A

Cryptosporidiosis

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42
Q

Class Sporozoa: causes Malaria

A

Plasmodium spp

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43
Q

Class Sporozoa Malaria: Plasmodium grows by sexual reproduction in the __________.

A

Anopheles mosquito

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44
Q

Class Sporozoa Malaria: Infective stage of Plasmodium. Anopheles bites a human then this is injected into the human.

A

Sporozoites

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45
Q

Class Sporozoa Malaria: Sporozoites undergo ________ in liver cells and produce thousands.

A

Schizogony

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46
Q

Under the class of protozoa but in recent studies it is under the class of Fungus. Spore forming. Possess a unique extrusion apparatus which enables them to insert infective materials to host cell. These comes to medical attention due to increasing number of opportunistic infections being associated with immunocompromised states particularly ______.

A

Phylum Microspora. AIDS.

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47
Q

Phylum Microspora: The apparatus includes a highly cooled poor ______, which is due to varying stimuli from GIT, extrudes forming a _______ that in turn penetrates the host cell.

A

Filament. Polar tube.

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48
Q

Phylum Microspora: Important Microspora

A

Brachiola vesicularum, Enterocytozoon bineusi, Pleistophora spp, Encephalitozoon spp, Trachipleistophora hominis, Microsporidium spp & Vittaforma cornea “BE PET MV”

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49
Q

Classification of Metazoan Parasites

A

Cestoidea, Anthropoda, Nematoda & Trematoda “CANT”

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50
Q

Subkingdom Metazoa: Other name for Trematoda

A

Flukes

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51
Q

Subkingdom Metazoa: Other name for Nematoda

A

Roundworms

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52
Q

Subkingdom Metazoa: Other name for Cestoidea

A

Flatworms

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53
Q

Subkingdom Metazoa: Other name for Anthropoda

A

Insect

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54
Q

Subkingdom Metazoa: Classification of nematodes based on habitat

A

Intestinal & Extraintestinal

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55
Q

Orders under Cestoidea

A

Cyclophyllidea & Pseudophyllidea “CP”

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56
Q

Classes under Anthropoda

A

Pentastomida, Arachnida, Insecta, Diplopoda, Chilopoda & Crustacea “PAID CC”

57
Q

Metazoan parasites are either

A

Helminths or Arthropods

58
Q

Helminths causing infections in man belongs to three groups

A

Phylum Nemathelminthes(Nematodes), Phylum Annelida(Annelids) & Phylum Platyhelminthes(Flatworms) “NAP”

59
Q

Predominantly coelomate. Segmented with repetitive parts. Several well developed systems(nervous, digestive & excretory).

A

Phylum Annelida

60
Q

Phylum Annelida: fluid filled body cavity in which the gut and other organs are suspended

A

Coelomate

61
Q

Phylum Annelida: The coelom is divided into separate compartments by partitions called

A

Septa

62
Q

Phylum Annelida: Are the only ones considered as medically important in this phylum

A

Leeches

63
Q

Multicellular & contain internal organ system. Characterized by elongated, flat & round bodies. Provided with separate sexes, some are parthenogenic.

A

Class Nematoda (Roundworms)

64
Q

Class Nematoda: Life cycle

A

Egg, Larval(juvenile) & Adult “ELA”

65
Q

Class Nematoda: Elongated & cylindrical. Bilaterally symmetrical. Complete digestive tract (oral->subterminal anus)

A

Unsegmented (non-metameric)

66
Q

Class Nematoda: condition of the blastula in which there are three primary germ layers. Ectoderm, Mesoderm & Endoderm.

A

Triploblastic

67
Q

Class Nematoda: They have a cavity cold pseudocoel between the gut and the body wall, tube within a tube body plan)

A

Pseudocoelomate

68
Q

Class Nematoda: separate sexes

A

Diecious

69
Q

Class Nematoda: a form of reproduction in which an unfertilized egg develops into a new individual

A

Parthenogenic

70
Q

Sensory organ found in Nematoda: found at the base of the lips. Principal chemosensory organ of nematodes.

A

Amphids (anterior end)

71
Q

Sensory organ found in Nematoda: unicellular receptors in the lateral tail region. Important for classification of nematodes.

A

Phasmids (posterior end)

72
Q

Class Nematoda: Classification based on habitat

A

Intestinal & Extraintestinal

73
Q

Class Nematoda: Nematodes found in the small intestine

A

Strongyloides, Hookworm, Ascaris & Capillaria “SHAC”

74
Q

Class Nematoda: Nematodes found in the colon

A

Enterobius & Trichiuris “ET”

75
Q

Class Nematoda: Nematodes found extra-intestinally

A

Filarial worms, Angiostrongylus & Trichinella “FAT”

76
Q

Class Nematoda: found in the muscles

A

Trichinella

77
Q

Class Nematoda: found in the eyes and meninges

A

Angiostrongylus

78
Q

Class Nematoda: found in the lymphatics

A

Filarial worms

79
Q

Phasmids are generally absent.

A

Subclass Adenophorea (Aphasmida)

80
Q

Subclass Adenophorea: Among the nematodes of medical and public health importance, only three are aphasmid worms.

A

Capillaria, Truchiuris & Trichinella “CTT”

81
Q

Phasmids present, generally posterior. The rest of nematodes are phasmids.

A

Subclass Secernentia (Phasmida)

82
Q

It is a metazoan helminth, therefore it is multicellular organism containing internal organ system. Worm like parasites that have adult and juvenile stages.

A

Phylum Platyhelminthes

83
Q

Phylum Platyhelminthes: Bodies of adult platyhelminthes

A

Elongated flat or round bodies

84
Q

Phylum Platyhelminthes: Example of juvenile stage

A

Larva

85
Q

Adult body of Platyhelminthes: Dorsolaterally _________. Bilateral _______ in which you can divide them in two symmetrical halves by only one longitudinal place.

A

Flattened. Symmetry.

86
Q

Adult body of Platyhelminthes: has both male and female reproductive organs

A

Hermaphroditic

87
Q

Adult body of Platyhelminthes: can be segmented ________ or segmented/metameric ________.

A

Trematoda. Cestoda.

88
Q

Phylum Platyhelminthes: Two classes

A

Trematoda & Cestoda “TC”

89
Q

Phylum Platyhelminthes: Orders under Cestoda

A

Cyclophyllidia & Pseudophyllidia “CP”

90
Q

Class Trematoda: Incomplete digestive tracts. No _____.

A

Anus

91
Q

Class Trematoda: No circulatory system. Meaning they get their nutrients like oxygen mainly by _________. That’s why they are ______ & _______.

A

Diffusion. Flat & Thin.

92
Q

Class Trematoda: presence of ________ for eating and ______ for anchoring or attachment.

A

Oral sucker. Ventral sucker.

93
Q

Class Trematoda: No genital sucker, ________. Except for ________.

A

Gonotyl. Heterophyids.

94
Q

Class Trematoda: All require ___ intermediate hosts. First intermediate host is always a _______.

A

Two. Snail.

95
Q

Class Trematoda: have ________ eggs which means window.

A

Operculated

96
Q

Class Trematoda: is the cap-like structure on the egg

A

Operculum

97
Q

Class Trematoda: Generally the infective stage is the ________(encysted larvae) that develops in the _______ intermediate host. Except for ________ in which its infective stage is cercariae.

A

Metacercariae. Second. Shistosomes.

98
Q

Class Cestoda: No ______ tract.

A

Digestive

99
Q

Class Cestoda: No ________ system. Gets nutrients by diffusion. Hermaphroditic.

A

Circulatory

100
Q

Class Cestoda: has a head like part that bears the suckers amd hooks for attachment followed by the neck then the strobila. It is anteriorly situated.

A

Scolex

101
Q

Class Cestoda: is an individual segment in the strobila that has the potential to become gravid developing the mature male and female reproductive system.

A

Proglottid

102
Q

Class Cestoda: The proglottid grow from anterior to posterior in this fashion; ________, ________ then finally _______.

A

Immature, Mature & Gravid

103
Q

Class Cestoda: chain of proglottids

A

Strobila

104
Q

Spatulate scolex with sucking grooves. Have both genital and uterine pores. Operculated eggs. Eggs are released immaturely. Requires two intermediate hosts.

A

Order Pseudophyllidea

105
Q

Order Pseudophyllidea: sucking grooves

A

Bothria

106
Q

Order Pseudophyllidea: Eggs are released immaturely

A

Coracidium-ciliated oncosphere

107
Q

Order Pseudophyllidea: Two intermediate host. First contains _________.

A

Procercoid larvae

108
Q

Order Pseudophyllidea: Two intermediate host. Second contains _________.

A

Plerocercoid larva

109
Q

Order Pseudophyllidea: example of tapeworms

A

Spirometra & Diphyllobothrium latum “SD”

110
Q

Globular scolex with 4 muscular suckers. Has a genital pore but NO uterine pore. Non-operculated eggs. Eggs released contain hexacanth embryo (oncosphere). Require only 1 intermediate host but different species produce different types of encysted larva.

A

Order Cyclophyllidea

111
Q

Order Cyclophyllidea: armed with three pairs of hooks

A

Hexacanth

112
Q

Order Cyclophyllidea: Example of tapeworms under this order

A

Dipylidium, Echinoccus, Raillientina, Taenia & Hymenolepsis “DERTH”

113
Q

Bilaterally symmetrical. Segmented and jointed appendages. Covered with exoskeleton. Affect human health through envenomization.

A

Phylum Arthropoda

114
Q

Phylum Arthropoda: is the majority of the arthropods with medical and public health importance

A

Insecta & Arachnida

115
Q

Phylum Arthropoda: Introduction of venom may be through insect bite or sting of scorpion, ants, wasps and bees.

A

Envenomization

116
Q

Phylum Arthropoda: has been recognized as another health threat

A

Arthropod allergen

117
Q

Phylum Arthropoda: can be mechanical vectors of some microbes and parasites

A

Flies & Cockroaches “FC”

118
Q

Phylum Arthropoda: invasion of human tissue

A

Myiasis

119
Q

Includes flies, mosquitoes, bees, wasps, butterflies, bugs & etc.

A

Class Insecta

120
Q

Class Insecta: Order of Insects

A

Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Anoplura, Siphonaptera, Hymenoptera, Hemiptera & Diptera “CLASH HD”

121
Q

Class Insecta: beetles

A

Coleoptera

122
Q

Class Insecta: their common target is the face. Bed bugs & kissing bugs.

A

Hemiptera

123
Q

Class Insecta: Act as carrier. Mosquitoes & flies.

A

Diptera

124
Q

Class Insecta: can cause allergy. Moths & butterflies.

A

Lepidoptera

125
Q

Class Insecta: bee, wasps, ants which contains formic acid

A

Hymenoptera

126
Q

Class Insecta: sucking lice

A

Anoplura

127
Q

Class Insecta: act as carrier. Fleas.

A

Siphonaptera

128
Q

Aquatic in nature. Body is cephalothorax. Respiration through gills/directly through the body wall.

A

Class Crustacea

129
Q

Class Crustacea: fused head and thorax

A

Cephalothorax

130
Q

Class Crustacea: two orders

A

Copepoda & Decapoda “CD”

131
Q

Class Crustacea: macrocrustaceans. Can cause allergy and act as an intermediate host (crab, lobsters and shrimp)

A

Decapoda

132
Q

Class Crustacea: cyclops

A

Copepoda

133
Q

Tongue worms

A

Class Pentastomida

134
Q

Class Pentastomida: usually live in the lungs or air passages of their hosts

A

Adults

135
Q

Class Pentastomida: live free or encysted in the viscera of some other hosts

A

Larvae

136
Q

Terrestrial, elongated and have many segments. Appendages of the first segment are modified and serve as poison claws.

A

Class Chilopoda

137
Q

Class Chilopoda: an example is this thousand-legged worm

A

Millipede

138
Q

Both aquatic and terrestrial. With cephalothorax (6 pairs of appendages, anterior chelicerae, pedipalps and 4 pairs of walking legs) “spider shit”

A

Class Arachnida

139
Q

Class Arachnida: two orders

A

Acarina & Scorpionida “AS”

140
Q

Class Arachnida: 8 legged others are 6. Mites & Ticks.

A

Acarina

141
Q

Class Arachnida: scorpions

A

Scorpionida

PARASITOLOGY (2 decks)

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