mnemonics Flashcards
Causes of dementia-
DEMENTIAS
Degenerative diseases (Parkinson’s, Huntington’s)
Endocrine (thyroid, parathyroid, pituitary, adrenal)
Metabolic (alcohol, electrolytes, vitamin B12 deficiency, glucose, hepatic, renal, Wilson’s disease)
Exogenous (heavy metals, carbon monoxide, drugs)
Neoplasia
Trauma (subdural hematoma)
Infection (meningitis, encephalitis, endocarditis, syphilis, HIV, prion diseases, Lyme disease)
Affective disorders (pseudodementia)
Stroke/Structural (vascular dementia, ischemia, vasculitis, normal pressure hydrocephalus)
Major causes of delirium-
I WATCH DEATH
Infection Withdrawal Acute metabolic/substance Abuse Trauma CNS pathology Hypoxia Deficiencies Endocrine Acute vascular/MI Toxins/drugs Heavy metals
Symptoms of a depressive episode
SIG E CAPS
Sleep (hypersomnia or insomnia)
Interest (loss of interest or pleasure in activities)
Guilt (feelings of worthlessness or inappropriate guilt)
Energy decrease or fatigue
Concentration decrease
Appetite increase/decrease or weight increase/decrease
Psychomotor agitation or retardation
Suicidal ideation
TCA toxcitiy
Tri-C’s
Convulsion
Coma
Cardiac arrhythmias
Symptoms of mania-
DIG FAST
Distractibility
Insomnia (decreased need for sleep)
Grandiosity (increased self-esteem)/more Goal directed
Flight of ideas (or racing thoughts)
Activities/psychomotor Agitation
Sexual indiscretions/other pleasurable activities
Talkativeness/pressured speech
Characteristics of personality disorders-
MEDIC
Maladaptive Enduring Deviate from cultural norms Inflexible Cause impairment in social or occupational functioning
Evolution of EPS-
4 and A
4 hours: Acute dystonia
4 days: Akinesia
4 weeks: Akathisia
4 months: Tardive dyskinesia (often permanent)
Features of substance dependence-
WITHDraw IT
Three or more of 7 within a 12 month period
Withdrawal
Interest or Important activities given up or reduced
Tolerance
Harm (physical and psychosocial) with continued use
Desire to cut down/control
Intended time/amount exceeded
Time spent obtaining/using the substance is increasing
Risk factors for suicide
SAD PERSONS
Sex (male) Age (older) Depression Previous attempt Ethanol/substance abuse Rational thought Sickness (chronic illness) Organized plan/access to weapons No spouse Social support lacking
Etiologies of obstructive pulmonary disease
ABCT
Asthma
Bronchiectasis
Cystic fibrosis/COPD
Tracheal or bronchial obstruction
Medications for asthma exacerbations
ASTHMA
Albuterol Steroids Theophylline (rare) Humidified O2 Magnesium (severe exacerbations) Anticholinergics (Ipratropium)
Restrictive lung disease
If the lungs AIN’T compliant:
Alveolar (edema, hemorrhage, pus)
Interstitial lung disease (Idiopathic interstitial pneumonias), Inflammatory (sarcoid, cryptogenic organizing pneumonitis), Idiopathic
Neuromuscular (MG, phrenic nerve palsy, myopathy)
Thoracic wall (kyphoscoliosis, obesity, ascites, pregnancy, ankylosing spondylitis).
Learning the features of sarcoid can be -
GRUELING
Granulomas aRthritis Uveitis Erythema nodosum Lymphadenopathy Interstitial fibrosis Negative TB test Gammaglobulinemia
Hypernatremia
The 6 D’s
Diuresis Dehydration Diabetes insipidus Docs (iatrogenic) Diarrhea Disease (kidney, sickle cell)
Causes of hypercalcemia
CHIMPANZEES
Calcium supplementation Hyperparathyroidism/Hyperthyroidism Iatrogentic (eg thiazides, parenteral nutrition)/Immobility (ICU setting) Milk-alkali syndrome Paget's disease Adrenal insufficiency/Acromegaly Neoplasm Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (MEN type I) Excess vitamin A Excess vitamin D Sarcoidosis (granulomatous diseases)
