2.5: Adaptations of Pathogens

Question 1

Entry points for pathogens

Answer 1

• Respiratory surfaces
• Wounds
• Digestive system
• Reproductive organs

Question 2

Pathogen Adaptations

Answer 2

• Using a vector to entery the bloodstream of the organism. For example, plasmodium uses mosquitos to transfer between organisms - cause of malaria
• Attachment to host tissue - some pathogens have sticky proteins, preventing the body from expelling them
• Ability to withstand harsh environments - some pathogens have the ability to survive extreme conditions such as the low pH of the stomach.
• Biofilms are bacterial colonies that can exist in a dormant state with reduced metabolism. The bacteria can become resistant by sharing the genetic resistance within the colony
• Binding to molecules on the surface of host cells Intracellular pathogens need to bind to receptor molecules of host cells, for example virus particles

Question 3

Plant Pathogens

Answer 3

• Fungi: fungal pathogens will infect plants and obtain nutrients from plant cells. For example: phytophthora root rot is a fungal disease that affects native tree species.
• Bacteria
• Viruses
• Nematodes - worm-like creatures with the ability to damage root cells