251 Flashcards
(92 cards)
In the seventh century, a new faith took place in the middle east. This faith, called Islam was monotheistic, like Judaism and Christianity. The followers of Islam were called ________, believed that Allah transmitted his words to the faithful through ____________, whose followers began to record those words in what came to be called the _______, or “recitation”.
Muslims, Muhammad, Qu’ran
Muslims believe that salvation is one through submission to the will of God, and that this can be accomplished by following the
Five pillars of Islam
Confession of faith, prayer five times per day, charity to the needy, fasting during the holy month of Ramadan, pilgrimage to Mecca at least once during one’s lifetime
Persecuted and threatened with death, Muhammad and his followers fled to _______ in 622 c.e. in what is known as the __________ (which also marks year 1 on the Muslim calendar).
Medina, hijra
When Muhammad died unexpectedly in 632, _________, one of his first followers in Mecca, became _________, the head of state, military commander, chief judge, and religious leader.
Abu Bakr, caliph
In other words, the Islamic empire was what’s known as a _________, a government ruled by immediate divine guidance or by officials who are regarded as being divinely guided.
Theocracy
Because it was ruled by a caliph, the theocratic Islamic Empire was referred to as a _______
Caliphate
But under pressure from a prominent family in Mecca, Hasan relinquished his title, making way for the establishment of the ____________.
Umayyad Dynasty
________ a Frankish leader, stopped the Muslim advance in its tracks as Muslim armies tried to advance in its track as Muslim armies tried to advance toward Paris, so the Islamic Empire never flourished in Europe beyond parts of Spain and southern Italy.
Charles Martel
Despite the success of the Umayyad Dynasty ( the _______________ was built on Temple Mount in Jerusalem during this time, Córdoba was one of the richest and most sophisticated cities in Europe), problems with succession started to emerge.
The dome of the rock
_____________ holds The Mohammed son-in-law, Ali, was the rightful heir to the empire based on Mohammed’s comments to Ali
Shite (Shia) Islam
____________, in contrast, though they hold Ali in high esteem, do not believe that he and his hereditary line are chosen successors; rather, they contend that the leaders of the empire should be drawn from a broad base of the people
Sunnis
The _____________________ reigned from 750 to 1258, that is until the late Islamic Empire was defeated by the Mongols (more on them later).
Abbasid Dynasty
__________, for example, published a massive medical encyclopedia that was unlike anything compiled before it.
Muhammad al- Razi
Later, when Muslims and Christians battled for control of the___________ (present-day Israel, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, and points north and south)during the European Crusades, Europe found its own history among the other treasures preserved in Arabic libraries and museums.
Levant
The ____________, Islamic mystics, were effective missionaries. They stressed a personal relationship with Allah, in contrast to other religions that emphasized a particular form of ritual.
Sufis
During the crusades, in 1258, the _____________ overran the Islamic Empire and destroyed Baghdad, thereby signaling the end of the Abbasid Dynasty.
Mongols
It’s people would lead to Egypt, where they remained intact but powerless. Eventually the___________ would reunite Egypt, Syria, and Arabia in the new Islamic state, which would last until 1918.
Ottoman Turks
Developments in Europe and points used became quite complicated during the _____________, which is the period after the fall of Rome and before the renaissance
Middle Ages
The ___________________ what is distinct from Roman empire. Use the Greek language; architecture had distinctive domes; it’s culture and a general had more in common with eastern culture like those Persia; and its brand of Christianity became a separate branch known as ______________
The Byzantine, Orthodox Christianity
Under __________, Who reigned from 527 to 565, the former glory and unity of the Roman empire was somewhat restored in Constantinople.
Justinian
The Justinianic period is perhaps most remembered for three things: (1) the ____________, codification of Roman law that kept ancient Roman legal principles alive (in the West these went unused for a time.)
Justinianic Code
(2) the flourishing of the arts and sciences, evident in the construction of the major buildings in churches, most notably__________, an enormous cathedral that still stands today (but now as a museum and former mosque).
Hagia Sophia
When __________, A Russian prince from Kiev, abandon the traditional pagan religion and converted to Christianity, he also considered Islam, Judaism, and Roman Catholicism.
Vladimir
In the ninth century, the Slavic peoples of south east Europe and Russia were converted to Christianity by____________, in Orthodox Christian who used the Greek alphabet to create a Slavic alphabet known as the Cyrillic alphabet
St.Cyril
