Environmental part 2

Question 1

Asbestos fibres are coated by?

Answer 1

Hemosiderin (Fe+)

Question 2

Asbestos bodies can be described as?

Answer 2

Golden brown fusiform (spindle shaped) rods with a translucent centre

Question 3

CO poisoning is caused by?

Answer 3

Imperfect oxidation, affinity to hb 210 higher

Result cherry red skin, with liquid blood after death.

Question 4

Body radiation

Answer 4

Sunlight UV B - Basal cell Ca

1-2 Sv (Seiverts) – lymphocytic form – lymphopenia (1day -1 wk)

2-10 Sv - hematopoietic form – Leukopenia, hemorrhage, hair loss, vomiting (2-6 wks)

10-20 Sv - gastrointestinal form - diarrhea, fever, electrolyte imbalance, vomiting [100% lethality] (5-14 days)

> 50 Sv - cerebral form - Ataxia, coma, convulsions, vomiting [100% lethality] (1-4 hrs)

Question 5

Heat Cramps

Answer 5

Vigorous exercise. Electrolyte loss in sweat. Cramps.

Normal core body temperature

Question 6

Heat Exhaustion

Answer 6

MC. Sudden onset, prostration, collapse, water depletion  failure of CVS to correct hypovolemia

Brief period of collapse, spontaneous recovery

Question 7

Heat Stroke

Answer 7

Seen commonly in Elderly, athletes, military recruits

High ambient temperatures, high humidity, exertion.

Core body temp > 40C. Multiorgan failure.

Vasodilatation. Hyperkalemia, tachycardia, arrhythmias. Rhabdomyolysis

Question 8

Cold injury has two forms, they are?

Answer 8

Generalized - hypothermia

Localized:
Frost Nip -Painful area where vasoconstriction is evident but no ice crystals have formed.

Frost bite- Irreversible tissue damage due to vasoconstriction and ice crystal formation.

Trench Foot- Injury due to immersion in cold water ( wet cold injury).

Question 9

What are the risk factors for cold injury?

Answer 9

East Side

Ethanol
Spinal cord injuries
Immobilization
Diseases: Diabetes M, Hepatic failure
Exhaustion

Question 10

Hypothermia is when the core temperature falls below?

Answer 10

35 degrees celcius

Question 11

What are caused by alternating temperatures?

Answer 11

< 32C – Atrial Fibrillation
< 28C – Ventricular Fibrillation
< 26C – Loss of consciousness

Question 12

Features of Acute Mountain Sickness

Answer 12

Rapid ascent to > 2500m

Clinical Features:	
Headache
Insomnia
Breathlesness
Lassitude

Question 13

Features of High Altitude Pulmonary Oedema (HAPO)

Answer 13

Features:

- Dry Cough
- Dyspnoea (Disproportionate to effort)
- Confusion/Mental status changes
- Haemoptysis
- Bilateral pulmonary rales

Question 14

Effects of Chronic Mountain sickness

Answer 14

Due to alveolar hypoventilation & chronic hypoxia

Secondary polycythemia
Affect highlanders

Clinical Features:
- Cyanosis
Cardiac Failure - Pulm HTN
Neuro-psy symptoms

Question 15

Lathyrism is a

Answer 15

or Neurolathyrism is a neurological disease of humans and domestic animals, caused by eating certain legumes of the genus Lathyrus

Question 16

Favism is a medical condition caused by?

Answer 16

is a medical condition which is caused by an enzyme, G6PD deficiency in the blood. People with this deficiency can experience anemia as a result of exposure to fava beans.

Question 17

Alkaloids disrupts

Answer 17

electrochemical transmission at synapses; Tulip & Daffodil.

Question 18

Goitrogens are substances

Answer 18

that suppress the function of the thyroid gland by interfering with iodine uptake, which can, as a result, cause an enlargement of the thyroid, i.e., a goitre

Question 19

NATURAL TOXINS

Answer 19

Lathyrism (BOAA)
Favism
Alkaloids
Goitrogens
Storage contaminants