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Microbiology > XII - Mycology > Flashcards

XII - Mycology Flashcards

1
Q

Fungi are ___karyotic

A

eukaryotic

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2
Q

Fungi have complex carbohydrate walls composed of

A

chitin, glucan, mannan

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3
Q

Major membrane sterol in fungi

A

ergosterol

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4
Q

Antifungals: Inhibit ergosterol synthesis

A

Imidazole

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5
Q

Antifungals: Bind more tightly to ergosterol than cholesterol

A

Polyene

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6
Q

Fungi require _____ (heterotrophic nutrition).

A

organic carbon

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7
Q

Living in dead organic matter

A

saphrophytic or saprobic

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8
Q

Living on another living organism

A

parasitic

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9
Q

Basic Forms of Fungi: Single cells, budding

A

yeast

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10
Q

Basic Forms of Fungi: Hyphae, mycella (bouquet of hyphae), mitosis

A

molds

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11
Q

Fungi exhibit thermal _____.

A

thermal dimorphism

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12
Q

Hyphae: Septate

A

transverse walls

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13
Q

Hyphae: Non-septate

A

multinucleated

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14
Q

Basic Forms of Fungi: Room Temp.

A

mold

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15
Q

Basic Forms of Fungi: Body Temp.

A

yeast

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16
Q

Host response to fungal infection

A

granulomatous, pyogenic

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17
Q

Fungi: Liver necrosis due to amantin and phylloidin

A

Amanita mushrooms

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18
Q

Fungi: Ingestion of contaminated peanuts and grains causes liver cancer due to aflatoxin

A

Aspergillus flavus

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19
Q

Fungi: Inhalation of the spores cause allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA, IgE-mediated)

A

Aspergillus fumigatus

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20
Q

Fungi Diagnosis: Dissolves human cells allowing visualization

A

KOH microscopy

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21
Q

Fungi Diagnosis: Low pH inhibits the growth of bacteria

A

Sabouraud agar

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22
Q

Fungi Diagnosis: Used for early infection

A

DNA probes

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23
Q

Fungi: Infect only superficial keratinized structures

A

Dermatophytoses

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24
Q

3 Important Dermatophytes

A

Microsporum canis, Trichophyton tonsurans, Epidermophyton floccosum

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25
Q

Dermatophytoses: Transmission

A

direct contact, dogs, cats

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26
Q

Chronic infections in warm, humid areas of the body, inflamed circular border containing papules and vesicles surrounding a clear area of normal skin

A

Dermatophytoses

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27
Q

Fungi hypersensitivity causes

A

dermatophytid reactions (different site from contact)

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28
Q

Dermatophytoses: Athlete’s Foot

A

Tinea pedis

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29
Q

Dermatophytoses: Nails

A

Tinea ungium

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30
Q

Dermatophytoses: Ringworm

A

Tinea corporis

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31
Q

Dermatophytoses: Jock Itch

A

Tinea cruris

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32
Q

Dermatophytoses: Hands

A

Tinea manuum

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33
Q

Dermatophytoses: Scalp

A

Tinea capitis

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34
Q

Dermatophytoses: Facial Hair

A

Tinea barbae

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35
Q

Dermatophytoses: Diagnosis

A

10% KOH - septate hyphae, Sabouraud agar - hyphae and conidia, green fluorescence on Wood’s lamp

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36
Q

Dermatophytoses: Treatment

A

local antifungal creams, keep skin dry

37
Q

Tinea versicolor (an-an), superficial skin infection of cosmetic importance, hypopigmented patches, spaghetti and meatballs (hyphae & yeast) appearance on 10% KOH

A

Malassezia furfur

38
Q

Malassezia furfur: Treatment

A

Miconazole

39
Q

Dimorphic fungus that lives on vegetation, gardeners who prune roses

A

Sporothrix schenckii

40
Q

Sporothrix schenckii: Transmission

A

thorn prick

41
Q

Sporothrix schenckii: Treatment

A

Itraconazole, Potassium Iodide

42
Q

Dimorphic fungus that exists as a mold in soil and as a spherule (yeast) in tissue, endemic in arid regions of the southwestern US and Latin America

A

Coccidioides immitis

43
Q

Coccidioides immitis: Transmission

A

inhalation of arthrospores

44
Q

Arthrospores form spherules filled with endospores, granulomata in bones and CNS, dissemination in those who have defective cell-mediated immunity

A

Coccidioides immitis

45
Q

Influenza-like illness, lung infiltrates, adenopathy, effusions, erythema nodosum (desert bumps), arthralgias, meningitis

A

Valley Fever (Coccidioides immitis)

46
Q

Coccidioides immitis: Treatment

A

Amphotericin B, Itraconazole, Fluconazole - meningitis

47
Q

Dimorphic fungus, forms 2 types of asexual spores

A

Histoplasma capsulatum

48
Q

H. capsulatum Asexual Spores: Typical thick walls and finger-like projections, important in laboratory identification

A

tuberculate macroconidia

49
Q

H. capsulatum Asexual Spores: Smaller, thin, smooth-walled spores, transmits infection if inhaled

A

microconidia

50
Q

Endemic in Ohio and Mississippi River valleys, grows in soil contaminated with bird droppings (starlings) or bat guano

A

Histoplasma capsulatum

51
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum: Transmission

A

airborne microconidia

52
Q

Closely mimics TB, chronic pneumonia, erythema nodosum, tongue ulcerations in AIDS patients

A

Histoplasma capsulatum

53
Q

TB Mimickers

A

Paragonimus, Histoplasma

54
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum: Treatment

A

Amphotericin B, Itraconazole, Fluconazole - meningitis

55
Q

Dimorphic fungus, round yeast with broad-based bud, endemic in Northeastern America (Ohio, Mississippi)

A

Blastomyces dermatitidis

56
Q

Blastomyces dermatitidis: Transmission

A

inhalation of conidia

57
Q

Most common cause of fungal pneumonia

A

Blastomyces dermatitidis

58
Q

Chronic pneumonia, ulcerated granulomas, lytic bone lesions, prostatitis

A

Blastomyces dermatitidis

59
Q

Blastomyces dermatitidis: Treatment

A

Itraconazole, Amphotericin B - severe infections, Fluconazole - meningitis

60
Q

Dimorphic fungus, thick yeast with multiple buds (mariner’s wheel), restricted to Central and South America

A

Paracoccidioides brasiliensis

61
Q

Paracoccidioides brasiliensis: Transmission

A

inhalation of conidia

62
Q

Paracoccidioides brasiliensis: Diseases

A

chronic pneumonia, painful ulcers on mouth and nose

63
Q

Paracoccidioides brasiliensis: Females are protected because of

A

estrogen

64
Q

Paracoccidioides brasiliensis: Treatment

A

Itraconazole

65
Q

Predisposing Factors for Opportunistic Mycosis

A

broad-spectrum antibiotics, steroids, hematologic malignancies, transplant recipients, systemic chemotherapy, AIDS

66
Q

Normal flora of upper respiratory tract, GI, female GUT, may appear as oval yeast with a single bud or as pseudohyphae, form germ tubes in serum and chlamydo-spores in culture

A

Candida albicans

67
Q

Candidiasis: Oral thrush, vulvovaginitis → curd-like discharge, intertrigo, skin infections → satellite lesions, onychomycosis

A

immunocompetent

68
Q

Candidiasis: Pseudomembranous esophagitis, subcutaneous nodules, right-sided endocarditis

A

immunocompromised

69
Q

Candidiasis Treatment: Oropharyngeal and Esophageal

A

Nystatin - swish and swallow

70
Q

Candidiasis Treatment: Skin

A

Clotrimazole

71
Q

Candidiasis Treatment: Disseminated

A

Amphotericin B

72
Q

Candidiasis Treatment: Chemoprophylaxis

A

Fluconazole

73
Q

Oval yeast with narrow-based bud surrounded by a wide polysaccharide capsule seen in India ink, positive latex agglutination test (CALAS), grows in soil containing bird droppings (pigeon)

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

74
Q

Cryptococcus neoformans: Transmission

A

inhalation of airborne yeast cells

75
Q

Cryptococcus neoformans: Diseases

A

asymptomatic lung infection, meningitis, encephalitis

76
Q

Cryptococcus neoformans: Treatment

A

Amphotericin B, Flucytosine, Fluconazole - chemoprophylaxis

77
Q

Exists only as molds, septate hyphae that form V-shaped (dichotomous) branches, acute angles

A

Aspergillus fumigatus

78
Q

Aspergillus fumigatus: Location

A

widely distributed in nature

79
Q

Aspergillus fumigatus: Transmission

A

inhalation of conidia

80
Q

Infects wounds, burns, cornea, external ear, sinuses, aspergilloma (fungus ball) in lung cavities, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) - asthmatic symptoms with expectoration of brownish bronchial plugs

A

Aspergillus fumigatus

81
Q

Aspergillus fumigatus: Treatment

A

Amphotericin B

82
Q

Saprophytic molds with non-septate hyphae with walls and branches at right angles, rhino-orbital-cerebral infection with eschar formation, patients with DKA, burns leukemia

A

Rhizopus oryzae and Mucor

83
Q

Indeterminate organism, major surface glycoprotein undergoes programmed rearrangements, diagnosis by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) washings, toluidine blue, methenamine silver stain

A

Pneumocystis jiroveci

84
Q

Pneumocystis jiroveci: Transmission

A

inhalation of cysts

85
Q

Cysts in alveoli induce an inflammatory response consisting of plasma cells, frothy exudate blocks oxygen exchange

A

Pneumocystis jiroveci

86
Q

Occurs when CD4 < 200, diffuse interstitial pneumonia with bilateral ground glass infiltrates, 100% mortality rate if untreated

A

Pneumocystis jiroveci

87
Q

Most common AIDS-defining illness

A

Pneumocystis jiroveci

88
Q

Pneumocystis jiroveci: Treatment

A

Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole

Microbiology (17 decks)

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