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Gross 1 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Basic structure unit of a muscle is the ___________

A

Muscle Fiber (cell)

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2
Q

Muscle fibers are grouped into bundles known as ______

A

Fasciculi

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3
Q

Muscles fibers & fasciculi are bound together by:

A

Connective tissue

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4
Q

3 layers of connective tissue

A

Endomysium, Perimysium, Epimysium

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5
Q

Endomysium

A

Delicate connective tissue sheath which surrounds each individual muscle fiber & connects it to adjacent muscle fibers.

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6
Q

Perimysium

A

More dense layer which surrounds each fasciculi & divides the muscle into a series of separate compartment

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7
Q

Epimysium

A

Dense layer of connective tissue which surrounds the entire muscle & separates the muscle from surrounding tissue, organs & other muscles. The epimysium is continuous w/ deep fascia in the area & will continue as the tendon of the muscle.

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8
Q

The contractile units of the muscle

A

Myofibrils

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9
Q

Each fiber is contained w/in a tough, specialized membrane known as the _____________

A

Sarcolemma

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10
Q

Exercise may increase muscle size up to an average of about _____

A

25%

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11
Q

Type of increase in the size of a muscle which is due to an increase in the size of each INDIVIDUAL muscle fiber.

A

Hypertrophy

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12
Q

An increase in the size of a muscle due to an actual increase in the number of muscle fibers

A

Hyperplasia

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13
Q

Due to subjecting the muscle fibers to HIGH tension overload (high resistance), which includes injury to the individual fibers, which is fallowed by a regenerative period

A

Hyperplasia

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14
Q

The designation of muscles being red (dark) or white (light) is based on the amount of the _______ w/in the majority of fibers found in the respective muscle

A

Sarcoplasm

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15
Q

Type 1 Fibers (dark)

A

fibers associated with endurance activities

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16
Q

Are associated w/ relatively higher levels of continuous metabolic activity & thus associated w/ aerobic metabolism

A

Type 1 Fibers

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17
Q

Type 2 Fibers (light) Activities:

A

Found in muscles that are utilized for quick, more powerful activities & related to speed & strength. Used in sprinting, weightlifting

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18
Q

Which muscle fibers are anaerobic metabolism

A

Type 2 Fibers

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19
Q
  • Exhibit characteristics which are b/t type 1 & type 2 fibers
  • Contract faster than type 1 but slower than type 2
  • have a greater resistance to fatigue but resemble type 2 fibers
A

Intermediate fibers

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20
Q

Weight lifters & sprinters contain a higher proportion of what type of muscle fiber?

A

Type 2 fibers

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21
Q

Marathon runners contain a higher proportion of what type of muscle fibers?

A

Type 1 fibers

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22
Q

The cell membrane ________

A

Sarcolemma

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23
Q

Elaborate, continuous tubular network that runs both parallel & perpendicular to the myofibrils

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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24
Q

Function to store & transport calcium ions

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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25
Q

Tubular invaginations of the sarcolemma which allow electrical impulse to enter the muscle fiber & make their way to the myofibrils

A

Transverse Tubules (T-system)

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26
Q

Myoglobin

A

red protein pigment found in the sarcoplasm of the fiber

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27
Q

Gives color to the muscle & stores needed oxygen the fibers utilize for its metabolism

A

Myoglobin

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28
Q

Has greater affinity for oxygen that that of hemoglobin

A

Myoglobin

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29
Q

Contractile apparatus of the muscle fibers. Formed from longitudinally oriented bundles of thick & thin filaments known as myofilaments

A

Myofibrils

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30
Q

I- bands

A

Light areas where actin is found

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31
Q

A -Bands

A

Dark areas where myosin is found

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32
Q

H-bands

A

Light areas in the middle of each dark band

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33
Q

M- bands

A

Thin dark line down the center of each H- band

34
Q

Z-lines (discs)

A

Thin dark line in the middle of each I-band

35
Q
  • Main protein elements of the skeletal muscle fibers & consist of Actin
  • Found mainly in the I-bands & myosin
  • Found mainly in the A- bands
  • They have the ability to interact w/ each other & thus create movement
A

Contractile Proteins

36
Q

These proteins act to inhibit the interaction of actin & myosin & prevent indiscriminate movement.

A

Regulatory Proteins

37
Q

Troponin & tropomyosin

A

2 most common regulatory proteins

Both of these regulatory proteins recognize calcium as the signal to allow actin & myosin to interact w/ one another

38
Q

Eliminates the inhibition caused by the regulatory proteins & allow subsequent muscular contractions to occur

A

Calcium

39
Q

The nerve impulse from the transverse tubules stimulate the release of _______ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Calcium

40
Q

The released ______ than binds w/ the troponin molecules on the actin filament

A

Calcium

41
Q

Binding of _____ w/ troponin actually changes the shape of the nearby tropomyosin molecule & exposing the myosin binding site on the actin molecule

A

Calcium

42
Q

Meaning of ATP

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

43
Q

The addition of ____ allows the system to operate, by allowing myosin to interact w/ actin

A

ATP

44
Q

Energy is provided by the breakdown of ________ into ______ & a free phosphate ion. This reaction releases a large amount of energy (heat)

A

Adenosine-tri-phosphate (ATP) into Adenosine-di-phosphate (ADP)

45
Q

The movement of a muscle is the result of the continuous breakdown & reconstruction of ____

A

ATP

46
Q

Muscles use 2 general metabolic methods to provide ATP one works _______ and the other works _______

A

Aerobically and the other works anaerobically

47
Q
  • Takes place in the mitochondria

- More efficient way to produce ATP in a muscle fiber

A

Aerobic Pathway

48
Q
  • The pathway creates more energy than is needed for the production of ATP & excess energy is released as heat & contribute to keeping the body at its most efficient temp
  • Pathway prefers fatty acids to produce ATP
  • Fatty acids are stored in body’s fat cells as triglycerides & released in the blood during exercise
A

Aerobic pathway

49
Q

Exercise from a metabolic point of view: Phase 1

A

Will last for the 1st few minutes & creatine phosphate & glycogen are the primary fuel sources. As much as 20% of the total glycogen that is stored in a muscle may be utilized during this phase

50
Q

Exercise from a metabolic point of view: Phase 2

A

See a shift in metabolism to the more efficient aerobic metabolism & the use of fatty acids to produce ATP

51
Q

Exercise from a metabolic point of view: Phase 3

A

Occurs as exercise intensifies, will see muscle fibers going back to the anaerobic production of ATP & thus the utilization of the remaining stored glycogen, During this phase that lactic acid can accumulate w/in the fibers

52
Q

Muscle fibers run approximately the whole length of the muscle. PARALLEL to the long axis

A

Paralle or strap (power)

53
Q

Muscle fibers run OBLIQUE to the long axis of the muscle

A

Pennate

54
Q

Tendon lies along one side of the muscle & the fibers pass obliquely to the tendon

A

Unipennate (endurance)

55
Q

Tendon lies in the center of the muscle & the fibers pass to it from each side

A

Bipennate

56
Q

A muscle built for ________ has fibers that are short, more numerous & in the pennate arrangement

A

Endurance (type I)

57
Q

Muscle built for _______ has fibers that are longer, less numerous & in parallel arrangement

A

Power (type II)

58
Q

Muscle or muscles which are most responsible for carrying out a particular action

A

Prime mover or Agonist

59
Q

Assist the prime mover in performing an action.
- Stabilize a joint which is the mover pass but do not move
-

A

Synergist

60
Q

Muscle that produces the opposite e effect from the agonist

A

Antagonist

61
Q

When a muscle contracts, its antagonists automatically relaxes

A

Reciprocal Innervation

62
Q

In a newborn, both agonists & antagonists contract @ the same time. Also seen in individuals w/ sensory nerve damage

A

Co-reflex phenomenon

63
Q

Pathology of the central nervous system

A

Amyotropic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

64
Q

Pathology of the peripheral nervous system

A

Guillan- Baree syndrome starts off w/ flu like symptoms

65
Q

Pathology of the neuromuscular junction

A

Myesthemia Gravis, Botulism

66
Q

Pathology of the individual muscle fibers

A

Muscular dystrophies (Duchenue Found in males)

67
Q

Prolonged immobilization of the joints or chronic joint disorder (arthritis)

A

Atrophy

68
Q

Term used to designate any diminishing of the vascular supply to a muscle, which will result in the loss of the muscle fiber w/in a few hours. May be due to an obstruction or trauma

A

Ischemic Necrosis (Ischemia)

69
Q

If a muscle remains in a shortened state for a prolonged period of time, it will develop a persistent & sometime permanent shortening. This may develop in certain types of disease

A

Contracture

70
Q

In the condition known as _________ ________, satellite cells are prevented from replacing damaged muscle fibers

A

Muscular dystrophy

71
Q

Shoulder girdle consist of:

A

Scapula & clavicle

72
Q

_________ ossification in which the bone cells replace a primitive type of connective tissue known as __________

A

Intramembranous; mesenchyme

73
Q

Ossification of the clavicle

A
  • 1st bone to undergo ossification

- undergoes both intramembranous & endochondral

74
Q

Ossification of the scapula

A
  • 7 centers of ossification (1 primary & 6 secondary)
  • primary center develops around the 8th week of development
  • 6 secondary ossification - 2 for the acromion process, 2 for the coracoid process, 1 each for the medial border and inferior angle
75
Q

Ossification of the humerus

A

8 ossification centers (1 primary 7 secondary)

  • primary for the shaft which develops early in fetal development
  • Secondary occurs after birth to late adolescents & include centers for the head, greater tuberosity, lesser tuberosity, medial epicondyle, lateral epicondyle, capitulum & trochlea
  • Bone completes ossification about 18-20 years of age
76
Q

This artery is direct continuation of the subclavian artery, the vessel will become the brachial artery

A

Axillary artery

77
Q

Axillary artery has 6 specific branches:

A
  1. Superior Thoracic
  2. Thoracoacromial
  3. Lateral Thoracic
  4. Subscapular
  5. Anterior Humeral Circumflex
  6. Posterior Humeral Circumflex
78
Q
  • 1st branch to come off of the axillary artery, just as the vessel emerges from under the clavicle.
  • Supplies the pectoralis major/ minor, Subclavius muscle, and the wall of the thorax
A

Superior Thoracic supplies

79
Q

Short truck which curls around the upper border of the pectoralis minor & divides into 4 branches (acromial, pectoral, clavicular, deltoid)

A

Thoracoacromial

80
Q
  • Appears along the lateral border of the pectoralis minor.

- Supplies the Serratus Anterior, both pectoral muscles, mammary gland, and the intercostal muscles

A

Lateral Thoracic

81
Q
  • Largest branch of the axillary artery & found parallel & lateral to the lateral thoracic branch, divides into 2 branches
  • Thoracodorsal and Circumflex scapular
A

Subscapular

82
Q

Arteries form a ring around the surgical neck of the humerus. Run w/ the axillary nerve & supply the deltoid muscle, shoulder joint, teres muscles & the proximal part of the humerus

A

Anterior and posterior Humeral circumflex arteries

Gross 1 (29 decks)

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