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Anatomy and Physiology > Final Exam 1-100 > Flashcards

Final Exam 1-100 Flashcards

1
Q

group of cells that usually arise from common ancestror cells and work together to perform a particular function comprise a

A

tissue

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2
Q

Renal physiology is the study of the function of the

A

kidneys

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3
Q

The chemical reactions that break down large complex molecules into smaller , simpler ones are referred to as

A

catabolism

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4
Q

________ is the ability of an organism to detect and react to changes in the external or internal environment

A

responsiveness

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5
Q

______ is a condition in which the body’s internal environment remains within certain physiological limits.

A

homeostasis

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6
Q

Any disturbance in homeostasis is referred to as

A

stress

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7
Q

the chemicals produced by the endocrine system that help regulate homeostasis are called

A

hormones

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8
Q

the stimulus in a feedback loop is an increase in blood sugar. If feedback loop is a negative feedback loop then the effector will cause the blood sugar to

A

decrease

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9
Q

In a feedback loop, the control center provides output to and elicits a response from a (n)

A

effector

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10
Q

the stimulus (stress) in a feedback loop is an increase in blood sugar. If this is a positive feedback loop, then the effector will cause the blood sugar to

A

increase

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11
Q

The anatomical term that means “on the same side of the body” is

A

ipsilateral

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12
Q

The serous membrane associated with the heart is the

A

pericardium

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13
Q

Description of any region of the body by means of directional terms and body planes assumes that the body is in _______ position

A

anatomical

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14
Q

The anatomical term that means, “away from the head or toward the lower part of a structure” is

A

inferior

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15
Q

The ___________ system is composed of a series of glands that secrete hormones

A

endocrine

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16
Q

A feedback system consists of three basic components:

a control center, a receptor and a (n)

A

effector

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17
Q

Specialized structures within a cell that function in the overall cell’s anatomy and physiology are known as

A

organelles

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18
Q

The study of structure and the relationships between structures is

A

anatomy

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19
Q

The study of the function of body parts is

A

physiology

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20
Q

the basic structural and functional unit of a organism is the

A

cell

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21
Q

________ are the structures that are composed of two or more different tissues., have specific functions and usually have recognizable shapes.

A

organs

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22
Q

the level of structural organization of the body consisting of several related organs that have a common function is the

A

systems

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23
Q

the microscopic study of the structure of cells is ____________

A

cytology

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24
Q

The microscopic study of the structure of tissue is called

A

histology

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25
Q

A plane or section that divides an organ such that you would be looking a medial surface of the section of that organ would be a

A

saggital section

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26
Q

Homeostasis is regulated by the endocrine system and the _____ system

A

nervous

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27
Q

The component of a feedback loop that senses changes in the environment and notifies the control center of the changes is called the

A

receptor

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28
Q

The wrist is _____ to the elbow

A

distal

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29
Q

the intestines are ______ to the heart

A

inferior

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30
Q

the muscles are _______ to the skin

A

deep

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31
Q

the most plentiful extra-cellular catin is

A

sodium

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32
Q

Anything living or nonliving that occupies space and has mass is known as

A

matter

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33
Q

Different atoms of an element that have the same number of protons, but different number of neutrons are called

A

isotopes

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34
Q

A substance that can be chemically broken down into two or more different elements is a

A

compound

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35
Q

The covalent bond that forms between a pair of amino acids is called a

A

peptide bond

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36
Q

Substances that can speed up chemical reactions without being altered themselves are known as

A

catalysts

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37
Q

The two purines found in DNA nucleotides are

A

adenine and guanine

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38
Q

The complete hydrolysis of proteins would yield

A

amino acids

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39
Q

The term double helix discribes the structure of

A

DNA

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40
Q

The major lipid compnent of cell membranes is

A

Phosholipids

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41
Q

Cholesterol, bile salts, ad sex hormones are all examples of a class of lipids know as

A

steroids

42
Q

Homeostatic mechanisms maintain the PH of blood between 7.35 and

A

7.45

43
Q

A molecule that gains hydrogen atoms during chemical reactions in the body is said to be

A

reduced

44
Q

The collision energy needed for a chemical reaction to occur is called the

A

activation energy

45
Q

The two factors that most influence the chance that a collision will occur between atoms are the concentration and the

A

tempurature

46
Q

A positively charged ion is called a

A

caton

47
Q

The most abundant inorganic compound in the human body is

A

water

48
Q

Organic compounds are held together mostly or entirely by______bonds.

A

covalent

49
Q

In a solution, the substance that is dissolved is the

A

solute

50
Q

In the formation of macro-molecules, monomers are joined together by a reaction called_______, which involves the elimination of water molecules from the reactants.

A

dehydration synthesis

51
Q

Macro-molecules are broken down into monomers by the addition of water in a reaction known as

A

hydrolysis

52
Q

Sugars and starches are examples of

A

carbohydrates

53
Q

The principal function of carbohydrates is to provide

A

a reliable source of energy

54
Q

Lipids are said to by hydrophobic, which means that they are

A

water fearing or insoluble in water

55
Q

Triglycerides are made up of fatty acids and

A

glycerol

56
Q

Fats whose fatty acids contain multiple double bonds between their carbon atoms are said to be

A

polyunsaturated

57
Q

Prostaglandins and leukotrienes are examples of a class of lipids known as

A

eicosanoids

58
Q

The number of substrate molecules converted to product per enzyme molecule in one second is called the

A

turnover number

59
Q

Catalytic proteins are called

A

enzymes

60
Q

The biological function of a protein is determined by it’s _______ structure.

A

tertiary

61
Q

If solution A has more solutes and less water that solution b, then solution a is considered to be ________ to solution b

A

hypertonic

62
Q

A group of nucleotides on a DNA molecule whose purpose is to serve as the “directions” for manufacturing a specific protein is a

A

gene

63
Q

Distribution of two chromosomes into two separate and equal nuclei is known as

A

mitosis

64
Q

Cytokinesis begins with formation of a

A

cleavage furrow

65
Q

The union and fusion of gametes is called

A

fertilization

66
Q

In a diploid cell, the 2 chromosomes that belong to a pair are called_______ chromosomes

A

homologous

67
Q

Chromosome number does not double with each generation of cell division because of a special nuclear division called

A

meiosis

68
Q

The process of formation of haploid sperm in the male testes is know as

A

spermatogenesis

69
Q

The process of formation of haploid ova in the female ovaries is known as

A

oogenesis

70
Q

The homologous pairing of chromosomes in prophase I of meiosis is known as

A

synapsis

71
Q

The haploid cells in females that do not functon as gametes are known as

A

polar bodies

72
Q

The fluid mosaic model describes the structure of the

A

cell membrane

73
Q

Temporary structures in the cytoplasm that contain secretions and storage products of the cell are know as

A

inclusions

74
Q

The part of the phospholipid molecule that lines up facing the intracellular and extracellular fluids is the

A

polar, (hydrolphilic) part (head)

75
Q

As a result of the electrochemical gradient across the cell membrane, a voltage call the_____exists.

A

membrane potential

76
Q

The property of a cell membrane that permits passage of certain substances and restricts passage of others is know as

A

selective permiablity

77
Q

If two solutions have different concentrations and they are separated by a membrane that is permeable to the solute, then there will be net movement of solute molecules until_____ is reached.

A

equalibrium

78
Q

The net movement of water across a selective membrane by passive means is known as______

A

osmosis

79
Q

There is no net movement of water molecules across a membrane separating solutions that are ______ to each other.

A

isotonic

80
Q

Red Blood cells within intracellular concentration of 0.9 NaCl will undergo______ when they are placed in a solution of 5% NaCl

A

crenation

81
Q

A type of passive transport across a cell membrane that requires special transporters (carriers) is

A

facilitated diffusion

82
Q

Droplets of extracellular fluid flow into vesicles during the process of

A

Pinocytosis

83
Q

Export of a substance from the cell in which vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents into the extracellular fluid is called

A

exocytosis

84
Q

Large organic compounds such as proteins and glycogen, that remain suspended in the cytoplasm, rather than dissolve, are known as

A

colloids

85
Q

The proteins around which DNA wraps in a chomatin fiber are called

A

histones

86
Q

Organelles that are membrane-enclosed vesicles filled with digestive enzymes are

A

lysosomes

87
Q

Microfilaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments comprise the

A

cytoskeleton

88
Q

Regions within DNA strands that do not code for synthesis of part of a protein are called

A

introns

89
Q

Each set of three consecutive nucleotide bases on messenger RNA that specifies one amino acid is call a

A

codon

90
Q

Division of parent cell’s cytoplasm and and organelles is called

A

cytokinesis

91
Q

The primary function of stratified squamous epithelium is

A

protection

92
Q

Simple squamous epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and forms the walls of capillaries is known as

A

endothelium

93
Q

______glands secrete their products into ducts.

A

endocrine

94
Q

A connective tissue that is antivascular is

A

cartilage

95
Q

The secretions from endocrine glands are called

A

hormones

96
Q

Mucous connective tissue is found primarily in the

A

Umbilical cord of the Fetus

97
Q

The cells of a mature cartilage is called

A

chondrocytes

98
Q

The most abundant type of cartilage are called

A

hyaline cartilage

99
Q

________ growth of cartilage continues throughout life

A

appostional

100
Q

The connective tissue layer of mucus membrane is called the

A

lamina propria

Anatomy and Physiology (22 decks)

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