Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

FOM Week 2 > Anatomy Lecture 4: Muscle Function and Superficial Back > Flashcards

Anatomy Lecture 4: Muscle Function and Superficial Back Flashcards

0
Q

In which plane and axis does flexion/extension occur?

A

In the Sagittal plane around a transverse (horizontal) axis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

In which plane and axis does rotation occur?

A

In a horizontal plane around a vertical axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

In which plane and axis does abduction/adduction occur?

A

In a coronal plane around an anteroposterior axis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the principles of muscle function?

A
  1. Muscle must cross a joint in order to produce an action at the joint
  2. With a muscle that crosses multiple joints, its action and ROM at one joint may be affected by positions of other joints
  3. Muscle contractions produce movement by pulling the movable attachment (usually the insertion) toward the fixed attachment (usually the origin)
  4. Force a muscle exerts is proportional to its cross-sectioned area
  5. Muscle’s range of contraction is proportional to its fibers’ resting length
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is proportional to the force a muscle exerts?

A

The muscle’s cross-sectional area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is proportional to a muscle’s range of contraction?

A

The resting length of the muscle’s fibers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the types of muscle contraction?

A
  1. Concentric contraction: active muscle decreases in length (agonist)
  2. Eccentric contraction: active muscle increases in length (antagonist)
  3. Isometric contraction: active muscle maintains length (fixator)
  4. Synergistic contraction: muscles contract in coordination, produces desired motions/limits undesired motions (synergists)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a nerve lesion and what are two types?

A

An injury to a nerve, can be weakened (partial loss of innervation) or lost (total loss of innervation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the roles tonic contractions of antagonistic muscles?

A

Constantly balance forces acting around a joint to maintain it in a desired position.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is neutral muscle position?

A

Position requiring the least muscular effort to maintain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define muscle imbalances

A

Occur when some, but not all, of the muscles acting across a joint are weakened or paralyzed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are muscle contractures and why are they an issue?

A

They are when unopposed muscles shorten resulting in permanent deformities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the pectoral girdle and with what does it articulate?

A

Functional unit formed by the clavicle and scapula. Articulates with the axial skeleton at the sternoclaviclar joint. Articulates with the arm at the glenohumeral joint.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the movements of the pectoral girdle?

A
  1. Elevation/depression: in coronal plane around A/P axis of SC joint
  2. Protraction/retraction: transverse plane around vertical axis of SC joint
  3. Superior/inferior rotation: gliding movements of AC joint allows scapula to rotate in coronal plane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What type of joint is the glenohumeral joint and what movements occur?

A

A highly mobile, multiaxial synovial joint

  1. Abduction/adduction
  2. Flexion/extension
  3. Medial/lateral rotation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is scapulohumeral rhythm?

A

Term for coordinated movement of the pectoral girdle and the glenohumeral joint required for full range of motion at the shoulder.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are specific movements associated with scapulohumeral rhythm?

A
  1. Flexion/Extension of arm requires Protraction/Retraction of scapula
  2. Abduction/Adduction of arm is about 180 degrees, last 60 degrees of abduction requires rotation and fixation of scapula
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the two groups of muscles of the back?

A
  1. Intrinsic (deep) back muscles

2. Extrinsic (superficial) back muscles

18
Q

What are characteristics if intrinsic (deep) back muscles?

A
  1. Derived from embryonic dorsal muscle mass
  2. Innervates directly by dorsal primary rami
  3. Blood supply from dorsal branches of segmental arteries
  4. Produce movements of trunk and head and maintain posture.
19
Q

What are characteristics of extrinsic (superficial) back muscles?

A
  1. Derived from embryonic ventral muscle mass
  2. Innervated by nerves derived from ventral primary rami
  3. Blood supply from branches of subclavian and axillary artery
  4. Produce movement of the upper extremity (pectoral girdle, arm) and assist respiration
20
Q

In general, where does the origins of back muscles attach and what role does that attachment have on muscle movement?

A

The origin is generally attached more medially and is usually the fixed attachment.

21
Q

In general, where does the insertions of back muscles attach and what role does that attachment have on muscle movement?

A

Insertions are generally more lateral attachments and are usually the movable attachment.

22
Q

What are the 5 extrinsic (superficial) muscles of the back?

A
  1. Trapezius m.
  2. Latissimus dorsi m.
  3. Rhomboideus major m.
  4. Rhomboideus minor m.
  5. Levator scapulae m.
23
Q

List the origin, insertion, actions, innervation, and blood supply for the Trapezius m.

A
  1. Origin: medial third of superior nuchal line, external occipital protuberance, ligamentum nuchae, T1-T12 spinous processes
  2. Insertion: spine of scapula, acromion, lateral third of clavicle
  3. Actions: elevates and retracts pectoral girdle, superiorly rotates scapula
  4. Innervation: (Motor) spinal accessory n. (CN XI)
    (Sensory) C3-C4 ventral rami via cervical plexus
  5. Blood supply: transverse cervical artery
24
Q

What occurs with denervation of the trapezius m.?

A

Drooping of affected shoulder and lateral winging of scapula. Ability to abduct arm above should level may be significantly impaired.

25
Q

List the origin, insertion, actions, innervation, and blood supply for the latissimus dorsi m.

A
  1. Origin: T7-L5 spinous processes, thoracolumbar fascia, dorsal sacrum, and iliac crest
  2. Insertion: floor of intertubercule sulcus of humerus
  3. Action: extends, adducts, and medially rotates humerus
    (Depresses, retracts, and inferiorly rotates scapula)
  4. Innervation: thoracodorsal n.
  5. Blood supply: thoracodoral artery
26
Q

What direction of motion occurs with contraction of the latissimus dorsi m. when the upper extremity is fixed?

A

Pulls torso anteriorly and superiorly.

27
Q

List the origin, insertion, actions, innervation and blood supply for the Rhomboideus major m.

A
  1. Origin: T2-T5 spinous processes
  2. Insertion: medial border of scapula
  3. Actions: retracts and elevates pectoral girdle, inferiorly rotates scapula
  4. Innervation: dorsal scapular n.
  5. Blood supply: dorsal scapular artery
28
Q

List the origin, insertion, actions, innervation and blood supply for the Rhomboideus minor m.

A
  1. Origin: C7-T1 spinous processes
  2. Insertion: medial border of scapula superior to Rhomboideus major
  3. Actions: retracts and elevates pectoral girdle, inferiorly rotates scapula
  4. Innervation: dorsal scapular n. (C5)
  5. Blood supply: dorsal scapular artery
29
Q

List the origin, insertion, actions, innervation and blood supply for the levator scapulae m.

A
  1. Origin: slips from posterior tubercles of C1-C4 transverse processes
  2. Insertion: superior angle of scapula
  3. Actions: elevates pectoral girdle, inferiorly rotates scapula
    (Extends and laterally flexes neck)
  4. Innervation: C3-C4 ventral rami via cervical plexus and dorsal scapular n.
  5. Blood supply: dorsal scapular artery
    5.
30
Q

What are two intermediate back muscles?

A
  1. Serratus posterior superior m.

2. Serratus posterior inferior m.

31
Q

List the origin, insertion, actions, innervation and blood supply for the Serratus posterior superior m.

A
  1. Origin: C7-T3 spinous processes
  2. Insertion: superior borders of ribs 2-5
  3. Actions: elevates ribs 2-5
  4. Innervation: segmentally by ventral primary rami (intercostal nerves)
  5. Blood supply: branches of posterior intercostal artery
32
Q

List the origin, insertion, actions, innervation and blood supply for the Serratus posterior inferior m.

A
  1. Origin: T11-L3 spinous processes
  2. Insertion: inferior border of ribs 9-12
  3. Actions: depresses ribs 9-12
  4. Innervation: segmentally by ventral primary rami (intercostal n.)
  5. Blood supply: branches of posterior intercostal artery
33
Q

What is the role of the Serratus posterior superior and inferior muscles for respiration?

A

Are considered accessory muscles of respiration

34
Q

Superficial muscles are supplied by branches of which arteries? What are the names of those branches and from which artery do they branch?

A

The subclavian and axillary arteries

  1. Transverse cervical artery branches from the thyrocervical trunk off the subclavian artery
  2. Dorsal scapular branches from the transverse cervical artery (50%) or a direct branch of the subclavian artery (50%)
  3. Thoracodorsal artery from the subscapular artery (branch of the axillary)
35
Q

What is the origin and course of the transverse cervical artery ?

A
  1. From the thyrocervical trunk off the subclavian artery
  2. Courses posteriorly in the neck superficial to levator scapulae m.
  3. Passes deep to trapezius m. giving ascending and descending branches that course with branches of spinal accessory nerve (CN IX) and C3-4 ventral rami
36
Q

What is the origin and course of the he dorsal scapular artery?

A
  1. Arises as branch of transverse cervical artery (50%) or a direct branch of subclavian artery (50%)
  2. Courses posteriorly in neck deep to levator scapulae m.
  3. Descends deep to rhomboideus major and minor m. With dorsal scapular nerve
37
Q

What is the origin and course of the Thoracodorsal artery?

A
  1. Arises from the subscapular artery (branch of axillary artery)
  2. Courses with Thoracodorsal nerve deep to the latissimus dorsi m. entering near its humeral attachment
38
Q

Which nerve innervates the skin of the central back and from what do they branch?

A

Innervated segmentally by posterior cutaneous nerves, which are branches of the dorsal primary rami.

39
Q

Which nerves innervates skin of the lateral back and from what do they branch?

A

Innervated segmentally by lateral cutaneous nerves, which are branches of ventral primary rami.

40
Q

What arteries provide blood to the skin of the back?

A

Posterior and lateral cutaneous arteries

41
Q

What lymph nodes do lymph vessels from the dorsal neck and upper back drain into?

A

The cervical and axillary lymph nodes

42
Q

What lymph nodes do lymph vessels from the lower back drain into?

A

Inguinal lymph nodes

FOM Week 2 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions