26 Flashcards
(16 cards)
Carbonyl groups
Only for aldehydes and ketones, dabroxyknserpstea
Oxidation if alcohols and aldehydes
Alcohols reflux to become cabroylic, 2 O and 1 water
Aldehyde reflux to become carbox 1 o and no water
Water only from alchol distil to aldehyde
Anyways here you need acidifficied posit sum dichromate
And the colour change is ORANGE TO GREEN
Special about carbonyl group
Whilst it has pi bind, also polar, thus it can attract nucleophiles, and so NUCLEOPHILIC additoj across the double bond
Reduction reactions
Use NABH4 /h2o, where the NUCLEOPHILIC is just H -
Or HCN
Eleuced from NACN/ H2so4, where electiohile is CN - , and a hydro nitrile is formed
This makes ketone to alchlohl and aldehyde to aldhcol too but not carbox
Tests
2,4 DNP to identity carbonyl group, forms an orange precipitate
Tollens reagent will for, a silver mirror predicate with aldehyde and not with a Ketoje. This is boecause while silver ions are reduced, the aldehyde is oxidised to form a CARBIN, and as no hydrogen in oxygen clearing carbon, ketones can’t be oxide sided
What is tollens resgent satay ally
What happens
Silver nitrate in aqueous ammonia
Silver ions reduced so they are the oxidise reagent
Cabroylic acid reactions
Weak acid
Acid and metal = hydrogen and salt (carboxylate ) remember to balance
Acid and alkali salt and water
Metal cabrkante salt water coat in dioxide
Metal oxides for, water?, hydroxides form more water
Hydrogen bonds
From lone pair to a partially positive hydyrign on another water
Group 1 carbonates state
Normally aqueous
What is a DERRIVATIVE of a compound
Anything that if add water will hydrolyse to produce similar thing
We are discussing esters, acylstiom chloride, acid anhydride and amides
Esters
Esters formed with alchol and cabroxykic acid in the presence of sukfruic acid catalyst , warmed up, condensation reaction, where a small molecule is let off, normally water or hcl
Ester can be made through acyl chlroide too, acid anhydride
How ti name ester
How to make ester
It’s always alchol then csnrboculic acid
Add alchol sulfuric and carbox and beta
Then add sodium cabrkante to remove any excess cabroxykic acid
Now can smell edter
Acid and base hydrolysis of ester
Acid hydrolysis rewuired
- heat under reflux, and aqueous acid, add water, it will split fully
Reversible
Base Hyde loses
- source of hydroxide ions like sodium hydroxide , heat under reflux
Base hydrolysis always rerturns an ion if thr cabroxykic acid , and funk alchol
Never bath . This is irreversible
This created perhaps sodium cabroxykic acid
How to make an acyl chlroide
Think you chlrodie so cl2 + carboxylic aicd
This released so2 and hcl , and these toiz so must use fume cupboard
4 reactions of acyl chrlodie
Acyl chlroide + alchol = ester
Acyl chlroide + phenol = ester (resvrive enough)
Acyl chlroide + water = carbox
Acyl chlroidr + ammonia = PRIMARAY AMIDE
Acyl chlroide + amine = SECONDARY AMIDE
Acyl chlroide whyb
Acid anhydride
More reactive
Can do all the same reactions, jt less rrwftive so sometimes used instead
Again csn do = phenol , alchol ester, water carbox, amine ammonia amides
No calf’s yet nee
