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Neuromuscular Conditions I > Lab Information > Flashcards

Lab Information Flashcards

1
Q

Health Condition

A

-past medical history

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2
Q

Body Structure & Function

A

-past medical tests of body structures and functions

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3
Q

Activities

A
  • preferred leisure activities
  • work activities that are limited by impairments
  • handedness
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4
Q

Participation

A
  • roles in home, work & community
  • legal issues enabling participation
  • advocacy for participation
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5
Q

Environmental Factors

A
  • psychosocial environment

- physical environment

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6
Q

Personal Factors

A
  • age
  • gender
  • ethnicity/culture
  • lifestyle habits
  • medications
  • family history
  • social history
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7
Q

10 Steps for Performing a Neuromuscular Examination

A
  1. review client history
  2. hypothesize problems based upon client chart & related information
  3. prepare your station with needed tests, materials, & equipment
  4. observe the client upon arrival
  5. evaluate the client based upon what you observe
  6. interview the client
  7. perform selected tests & measures
  8. interpret results of tests & measures
  9. share results of the examination with the client
  10. coordinate, communicate, & document your examination
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8
Q

confusion/disorientation

A

-client has difficulty understanding present events & is disoriented to person (who person is), place (where person is), time (what day, time of day, season, year), and/or purpose (why person is being screened)

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9
Q

confabulation

A

-client generates false information to account for memories the person is unable to recall. It is common for clients with brain injury to generate intricate & complex false stories to fill in for missing parts of their memory

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10
Q

concrete thinking

A

-client is unable to interpret events & language with any meaning other than the literal meaning. This person has difficulty “getting” jokes, innuendoes, and subtle comments that need to be understood figuratively rather than literally

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11
Q

delayed processing time

A

-client is unable to answer questions or formulate ideas in a timely manner. the delay is due to problems with mental processing rather than motor problems. this type of client needs additional processing time to answer questions and formulate ideas

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12
Q

disinhibition

A

-client is unable to monitor and regulate socially inappropriate impulses & behaviors. this disinhibited client may verbalize sexualized language & may dress and behave in socially inappropriate ways. for example, the client may inappropriately remove clothing & make sexual propositions to both familiar people and strangers

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13
Q

distractibility

A

-client has difficulty remaining on one task for any length of time & may require verbal cues to help the person attend to one task at a time

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14
Q

tangential speech (or “flight of ideas”)

A

-client is unable to concentrate on one idea at a time for any length of time. instead, client jumps from thought to thought without any obvious connection between thoughts. this client’s verbalizations appear to be a stream of unrelated ideas

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15
Q

perserveration

A

-client is unable to stop an activity once it is started. client is usually unable to interpret cues that they need to stop a task or change a strategy - instead they continue to implement the behavior over and over again. this is commonly seen in speech patterns of clients with TBI who repeat the same word, phrase, or gesture over & over again

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16
Q

memory deficits

A

-client typically has short-term memory deficits that may indicate neurological pathology and/or inappropriate use of medications

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17
Q

poor insight

A

-client lacks an accurate awareness of one’s own strengths and deficit areas relating to one’s functional status. as a result, the client commonly attempts tasks that are too high a level, causing a series of failure. this client is also unable to draw relationships between his/her own behaviors and other’s responses to the patient’s behaviors

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18
Q

poor safety judgment

A

-client is unable to discern the inherent danger of a situation. the client may become involved in situations that place the person at risk for injury or assault and the person may be taken advantage of

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19
Q

learning disability

A

-client has difficulty with reading, writing, arithmetic, or language, causing the person to sometimes express frustration and/or irritability. these behaviors may be compounded by difficulties with attention & hyperactivity. while this person’s intelligence is likely normal, their learning is impaired by the inability to bring information together from various parts of the brain

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20
Q

pain receptors

A

-detect tissue damage

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21
Q

chemoreceptors

A

-receptors that are sensitive to change in chemical concentration

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22
Q

thermoreceptors

A

-respons to temperature differences

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23
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

-respond to changes in pressure or movement

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24
Q

photoreceptors

A

-receptors in the eyes that respond to light energy

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25
Q

sensory adaptation

A

-sensory impulses are sent at decreasing rates until receptors fail to send impulses unless there is a change in strength of the stimulus

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26
Q

somatic senses

A

-receptors associated with the skin, muscles, joints, and viscera make up the somatic senses

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27
Q

What are the 3 types of receptors that detect touch and pressure?

A
  1. free ends of sensory nerve fibers
  2. meissner’s corpuscles
  3. pacinian corpuscles
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28
Q

free ends of sensory nerve fibers

A

-in epithelial tissues and are associated with touch and pressure

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29
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles

A

-flattened connective tissue sheaths surrounding two or more nerve fibers and are abundant in hairless areas that are very sensitive to touch, like the lips

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30
Q

Pacinian corpuscles

A

-large structures of connective tissue & cells that detect deep pressure

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31
Q

visceral pain receptors

A

-the only receptors in the viscera that produce sensations

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32
Q

Why does referred pain occur?

A

-because of the common nerve pathways leading from skin and internal organs

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33
Q

acute pain fibers

A

-thin, myelinated fibers that carry impulses rapidly & cease when the stimulus stops

34
Q

chronic pain fibers

A

-thin, unmyelinated fibers that conduct impulses slowly & continue sending impulses after the stimulus stops

35
Q

Where are pain impulses processed?

A

-in the gray matter of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord

36
Q

Where are pain impulses conducted?

A

-to the thalamus, hypothalamus, and cerebral cortex

37
Q

What types of receptors are olfactory receptors (sense of smell)?

A

-chemoreceptors

38
Q

What is the pathway for sensory impulses?

A

-first analyzed in olfactory lobes, then travel along olfactory tracts to the limbic system, and lastly to the olfactory cortex within the temporal lobes

39
Q

Where are taste buds located?

A

-located within papillae of the tongue and are scattered throughout the mouth and pharynx

40
Q

What is the pathway for taste impulses (including both the nerves and locations in the brain)?

A

-travel on the facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves to the medulla oblongata and then to the gustatory cortex of the cerebrum

41
Q

tympanic membrane

A
  • where the middle ear begins

- it is an air-filled space that houses the auditory ossicles

42
Q

function of auditory ossicles

A

-transmit and amplify sound waves

43
Q

inner ear

A

-transmits and receives sound information to the auditory pathway responsible for carrying the impulses to the auditory cortices of the temporal lobes where they are interpreted

44
Q

What are the two parts associated with the sense of equilibrium?

A
  • static (head and body are still)

- dynamic (head is suddenly moving)

45
Q

Where are the organs of static equilibrium located?

A

-within the bony vestibule of the inner ear, inside the utricle & saccule (expansions of the membranous labyrinth)

46
Q

How do the impulses of equilibrium travel to the brain?

A

-via the vestibular branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve

47
Q

dynamic equilibrium

A

-the three semicircular canals detect motion of the head, & they aid in balancing the head & body during sudden movement. mechanoreceptors associated with the joints, and the changes detected by the eyes also help maintain equilibrium

48
Q

What are the visual receptors?

A

-rods (dim light & colorless) and cones (bright light & color)

49
Q

Where do fibers from the medial half of the retina cross over?

A

-in the optic chiasm

50
Q

Where are the impulses for sight transmitted?

A

-to the thalamus and then to the visual cortex of the occipital lobe

51
Q

Clinical tests for the anterolateral neurological system?

A
  1. pain perception (sharp or dull)
  2. temperature
  3. crude touch
52
Q

Clinical tests for the dorsal column-medial lemniscus neurological system that are exteroceptors?

A
  1. light touch (touch awareness)
  2. touch threshold
  3. pressure
53
Q

Clinical tests for the dorsal column-medial lemniscus neurological system that are proprioceptors?

A
  1. kinesthesia (joint movement sense)
  2. proprioception (static joint position sense)
  3. vibration
54
Q

What are the clinical tests for the combined cortical or integrative neurological systems?

A
  1. stereognosis
  2. tactile localization
  3. two-point discrimination
  4. double simultaneous stimulation
  5. tactile extinction
  6. graphesthesia
  7. recognition of texture
  8. barognosis
55
Q

What is the primary sensory area of the parietal lobe?

A

-the sensory homunculus

56
Q

anosmia

A

-loss of smell

57
Q

hyposmia

A

-decreased smell

58
Q

dysosmia

A

-distorted smell

59
Q

Which neurological disease can the loss of smell be an early marker for?

A

-Parkinson’s Disease

60
Q

myopia

A

-impaired far vision

61
Q

presbyopia

A

-impaired near vision

62
Q

homonymous hemianopsia

A

-visual field deficits in one direction

63
Q

consensual response of the pupillary light reflex

A

-the eye constricts in the eye opposite of the eye that the light is shown into

64
Q

direct response of the pupillary light reflex

A

-eye that a light is being shown into constricts

65
Q

How do you know when ptosis present during the pupillary light reflex?

A

-if the eyelid covers part or covers all of the pupil when looking directly ahead

66
Q

optokinetic nystagmus

A

-test of smooth pursuit with quick resetting saccades

67
Q

strabismus

A

-loss of ocular alignment

68
Q

diplopia

A

-double vision

69
Q

esotropia

A

-eyes deviate outward, deficit of CN III

70
Q

exophthalmos

A

-eye is in a downward, abducted eye position due to the unopposed action of the superior oblique & lateral rectus muscles, deficit with CN III

71
Q

anosomia

A

inability to detect smells

72
Q

optic neuritis

A

inflammation of CN II (optic nerve)

73
Q

contralateral homonymous hemianopsia

A

bilateral deficits on the temporal or nasal fields of both eyes suggesting an optic tract lesion

74
Q

Bell’s Palsy

A

CN VII (facial nerve) damage

75
Q

bone conduction testing

A

testing the bones of the outer and middle ear structures by placing a tuning fork on the bone

76
Q

air conduction testing

A

testing air conduction by holding a tuning fork near the ear

77
Q

hypoactive gag

A

reduced gag reflex

78
Q

dyspnea

A

difficulty breathing

79
Q

dysphonia

A

hoarse voice

80
Q

dysphagia

A

difficulty swallowing

81
Q

dysarthria

A

difficulty enunciating words, slurring words

82
Q

lateral medullary syndrome (aka Wallenburg’s syndrome)

A

stroke in the lateral medulla

Neuromuscular Conditions I (11 decks)

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