Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Fundamentals of Pathology > Inflammation and Tissue Repair > Flashcards

Inflammation and Tissue Repair Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 signs of an infection?

A

Heat, Redness, Swelling, Pain, Loss of Function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the primary cellular type in acute inflammation?

A

Neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the primary cells present during chronic inflammation?

A

Macrophages and Lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the most common cells that recognize a stimuli of initiation of inflammation?

A

Epithelial Cells
Dendritic Cells
Phagocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How do they recognize the stimulus and what do they do?

A

Toll-Like Receptors (extracellular) - initiates secretion of TNF, adhesions
Inflammasome (intracellular) - activates caspase and secretes IL-1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How does vascularity change and what is responsible for the change?

A

Vasodilation in the area by NO and Histamine
Then increased permeability - Bradykinin and Histamine
+Increased lymph flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

If a patient has chronic hepatic stenosis causing a build up of fluid in the abdomen, what kind of fluid is it?

A

Transudate - fluid with minimal protein caused by decreased venous flow. Specific gravity below 1.012

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

If a patient is suffering from CHF causing increasing shortness of breath, what kind of fluid?

A

Transudate, bluid up of fluid in the interstitial due to decreased osmotic pressure. Can be caused by lack of protein/albumin as well.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What kind of fluid is present after an acute inflammation response?

A

Exudate fluid. Specific gravity above 1.020

Caused by an increase in endothelial cell permeabilty during the inflammatory response.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What cytokines are responsible for upregulating adhesions (selectins and integrins) on the vascular wall and leukocyte surface?

A

IL-1 and TNF, released from Macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

The process of migrating between the endothelium via CD31 or PECAM-1 present on the endothelial wall and on the surface of leukocytes making a stable bond.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How do the leukocytes know where the injury is located after they migrate through the endothelial?

A

Chemokine concentration gradient leads them to the area of inflammation.

  • chemokines
  • complement
  • leukotrienes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What occurs after the lymphocyte reaches the site of inflammation? How does it activate?

A

Recognizes the target that is opsoninized, binds to a receptor on the leukocyte, undergoes phagocytosis and respiratory burst/ROS to degrade target.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What protein is most important for leukocytes’ respiratory burst ability?

A

iNOS P450 to create the ROS used degrade and kill the engulfed target

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What cytokine is responsible for causing pain, or lowering the threshold for pain at the inflammation site?

A

Bradykinin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What kind of inflammation is most common for CHF exacerbation and burns?

A

Serous Inflammation, most mild inflammation, limited protein involvement in the leaky endothelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which type of inflammation is primarily involved with linings in the body?

A

Fibrinous Inflammation. Chronic leaking endothelium that becomes converted to fibrin.

ie. Fibrinous Pericarditis, Rheumatic Fever, Fibrinous Pleuritis
- -Usually contributed with uremia and kidney insufficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What kind of inflammation are abscesses and organ inflammation? (ie appendicitis)

A

Suppurative Inflammation. Large number of neurophils in a central area surrounded by inflammation. Most common form.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What kind of inflammation do people with diabetes get on their lower extremities due to poor circulation?

A

Ulceration Inflammation, superficial tissue or covering of an organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How is chronic inflammation different than acute inflammation?

A

Prolonged inflammation, weeks to years. Persistant infections or exposure, and autoimmune disorders.
–Monocytes/Macrophages are most common type of cell present secreting cytokines (IFN-gamma) chronically activating the T-cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the specific type of cell called involved in Granulomatous Inflammation?

A

Epithelioid Histiocytes (Macrophages), IFN-gamma induces the Histiocytes to fuse together into Multinucleated Giant Cell

22
Q

What are common causes of granulomatous inflammation?

A
  • Foreign Body
  • Infections
  • Self - Reactions
  • Syphilis
23
Q

What two cytokines contribute to fever?

A

Pyrogens (bacterial products)
IL-1
TNF
PGE2 - secondary messenger in hypothalamus

24
Q

What are some acute phase proteins, how are they stimulated, and how are they measured?

A

IL-6 stimulates production in the liver.
Various acute phase proteins include: C-reactive protein, Fibrinogen, Amyloid A
Fibrinogen can be measured sedimentation rate to see if there is any acute inflammation

25
Q

What type of leukocytosis is involved in bacterial infections?

A

Neutraphilia, “Left Shift” when immature leukocytes are released from bone marrow during bacterial infections.

26
Q

What kind of Leukocytosis is involved in viral infections?

A

Lymphocytosis

27
Q

What kind of cells are most commonly the cause of seasonal allergies?

A

Eosinophils

28
Q

What components are involved in regeneration?

A
  • remnants of injury
  • endothelial cells
  • fibroblasts
29
Q

What are the different kinds of stem cells used to regenerate tissues?

A

Embryonic - all tissue possibilities
Adult stem cells - lineage specific
Multipotent Progenitor cells - bone marrow multiple possibilities

30
Q

How does injured tissue know to regenerate?

A

Leukocytes, Parenchymal, and Stroma cells release growth factors binding to receptors causing upregulation of gene expression in the area stimulating proliferation, size, and survival.

31
Q

What growth factors are involved with angiogenesis?

A

VEGF and FGF

32
Q

What growth factor comes from a multitude of cell types that stimulates angiogenesis and migration of fibroblasts?

A

Fibroblast Growth Factor - FGF

33
Q

Which growth factors stimulate production of the ECM?

A

Platelet derived growth factors and Transforming growth factor B. (PDGF and TGF-B)

34
Q

Specifically what growth factor suppresses proliferation of endothelial cells and migration?

A

Transforming Growth Factor B

35
Q

What are the two parts of ECM and roles?

A

Interstitial Matrix and the Basement membrane

  • mechanical support
  • scaffold essential for healing w/o scarring
36
Q

What are some of the structural components of the ECM?

A

Collagen & Elastin/Fibrillin

  • Proteoglycans/Hyaluronan
  • Fibronectin
  • Laminin
  • Adhesions
37
Q

What condition is consistant with being hyperextensive, rupture of vessels and organs, and poor wound healing?

A

Ehler-Danlos Syndrome, classically deficiency in production of collagen type V

38
Q

What condition has defective Fibrillin and what are the consequences?

A

Marfan Syndrome, long extremities/fingers, aortic dissection, dislocated eye lens, and abnormal valves.

39
Q

When and where is connective tissue used to heal injuries?

A

When the injury is severe/chronic with destruction of the stroma and if they involve non-dividing cells.

40
Q

What specialized tissue is typical of a healing wound that is only present for 3-5 days?

A

Granulation Tissue

41
Q

What are the steps in repairing an injury?

A
  1. Angiogenesis
  2. Fibroblast migration/proliferation
  3. Extracellular matrix deposition
  4. Maturation and Fibrous Tissue
42
Q

What are the key growth factors involved in angiogenesis of ischemic tissue?

A

VEGF and NO

+ FGF

43
Q

Which growth factors are involved in fibroblast migration and depositing of ECM?

A

TGF-B
PDGF
FGF

44
Q

What protein is central in maturation of scar tissue?

A

Matrix Matalloprotein contraining zinc (MMP)

45
Q

At what point is there wound contraction and remodeling?

A

3 days to 3 months+

46
Q

What kind of wounds most likely heal using primary intention?

A

Wounds that are linear, non-infected, and well approximated. Typically heal without a scar.

47
Q

How are wounds that heal with secondary intention?

A

More significant wounds and more damage, large amount of granulation tissue and inflammation.

48
Q

Is the skin ever as strong as it was prior to the injury?

A

No. ~10% strength after 1 week and after sutures removed

Even by 3 months strength is only 70-80%

49
Q

What factors can decrease healing?

A

DM, Steriods, infections, poor circulation, tension on the wound, and FBs present in the wound

50
Q

What type of scar formation is typical of African Americans and is inherited?

A

Keloid formation, where there is excess collagen and raised scar. Exuberant granulation tissue

Fundamentals of Pathology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions