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Pharmocology HSC 116 > Introduction and basics > Flashcards

Introduction and basics Flashcards

1
Q

What is a drug?

A

any chemical that can affect living processes.

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2
Q

What is clinical pharmacology?

A

the study of drugs in humans

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3
Q

What is therapeutics?

A

the use of drugs to diagnose, prevent, or treat diseases

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4
Q

What are the 5 properties of the “perfect drug”?

A

1) effective
2) safe (minimal side effects)
3) easy to administer
4) no drug interactions
5) inexpensive

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5
Q

What is the objective of drug therapy?

A

to provide maximum benefit with minimum harm.

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6
Q

Explain the 5 levels of drug development.

A

phase 0

  • animal trials, in vitro screening
  • narrow down to 5-20 compounds

phase 1 will it do harm

  • assess toxicity, route of administration, dosage
  • 50 healthy pts

phase 2 will it work
evaluate effectiveness
determine side effects
-250 pts

phase 3 clinical trials

  • validate effectiveness of pt
  • 3000 pts

FDA approval, market induction

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7
Q

How long does it take to develop a new drug and get it to market?

A

15-18 yrs

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8
Q

What is pharmacokinetics?

A

the study of drug movement throughout the body

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9
Q

What are the 4 aspects of pharmacokinetics?

A

ABSORPTION: movement of a drug from site of administration into the blood

DISTRIBUTION: drug movement from the blood to the interstitial space and cells

METABOLISM: breakdown of the drug into metabolites

EXCRETION: movement of the drug and metabolites out of the body

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10
Q

What are the 2 primary excretory organs?

A

liver and kidneys

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11
Q

How might kidney function affect administration frequency of a drug?

A

if good kidney function you will have the normal frequency of administration

if poor kidney function, the drug will stay in the blood longer and will therefore need to decrease frequency of administration

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12
Q

What are the 7 processes in neurotransmitter action?

A

1) SYNTHESIS of neurotransmitters from precursors under the influence of enzymes
2) STORAGE of neurotransmitter in vesicles
3) LEAKED neurotransmitters are destroyed by enzymes
4) Action potentials cause vesicles to fuse with presynaptic membrane and RELEASE neurotransmitters with the synapse
5) neurotransmitters bind with autoreceptors on the axon that inhibit subsequent neurotransmitter release
6) neurotransmitters bind to postsynaptic receptors
7) DEACTIVATED by reuptake or enzyme destruction

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13
Q

What is an AGONIST drug?

A

drugs that occupy receptors and activate them

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14
Q

What is an ANTAGONISTIC drug?

A

drugs that occupy receptors but do not activate them

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15
Q

What are the 3 possible combinations of agonistic and antagonistic drugs and their outcomes?

A

Agonist alone: occupy receptor -> full activation

Antagonist alone: occupy receptor -> no activation

Agonist + Antagonist: both try to occupy receptor -> less activation

less activation means that there will be a smaller graded potential from that receptor

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16
Q

What are the nurses responsibilities in pharmacotherapy? (4)

A

1) participate in safe medication practices
2) ensure you understand the use of the medications and what the possible actions and consequences the drug may have on the pt.
3) seek out help when you are unsure
4) follow the 7 RIGHTS OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION

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17
Q

What are the 7 rights of drug administration?

A

RIGHT……

1) drug
2) patient
3) dose
4) route
5) time
6) indication
7) documentation

18
Q

What are the two ways of naming a drug and which is preferred?

A

generic name (preferred) and brand/trade name

19
Q

What is the difference between generic drugs and brand name drugs?

A

brand name drugs are initially patented. Patent eventually expires allowing generic companies to start making that drug.

20
Q

What is the benefit of generic drugs?

A

get an equivalent drug at a lower cost

21
Q

What is regular release?

A

a way of formulating a drug so that it releases into the body quickly, thus increasing the dosing frequency.

IR = immediate release

22
Q

What is sustained release?

A

a way of formulating a medicine so that it is released into the body steadily over a long period of time thus reducing dosing frequency.

things you may see on a label:
LA - long acting
CR - controlled release
SR - sustained release
XL - extra long
PA - prolonged action
CONTIN
patches
23
Q

What are the 12 steps in the medication order process in hospitals?

A

1) patient needs drug therapy
2) prescriber writes prescription
3) unit clerk processes the order
4) order sent to the hospital pharmacy
5) pharmacist review order for appropriateness
6) pharmacy technicians prepare medication
7) medication sent to the unit
8) NURSE REVIEWS 7 RIGHTS OF ADMINISTRATION
9) pt. receives medication
10) documentation
11) nurses/physician/pharmacist observe effect
12) modification changed as needed

24
Q

What is an MAR?

A

a medication administration record

lists all drugs and when they need to be administered
allow the nurse to track when they are administered

25
Q

What technology helps administer medicine and how does it do this?

A

drug administration machine

helps reduce human error

26
Q

What are the 7 routes of administration?

A 
Oral
Parenteral
Topical
Inhalation
Ocular
Ear
Rectally/vaginally
27
Q

Give the advantages, disadvantages, and a few examples for the ORAL administration route.

A

ADVANTAGES:

  • easy
  • convenient
  • safer than injection

DISADVANTAGES:

  • variable in absorption
  • pt. needs to be conscious
  • can upset stomach
28
Q

What are the three subcategories of PARENTERAL administration?

A

intravenous (IV)
-into the bloodstream

intramuscular (IM)
-into large muscle

subcutaneous (SC)
-just under the skin

29
Q

Give the advantages and disadvantages for intravenous administration?

A

ADVANTAGES:

  • no absorption barrier (right into blood)
  • rapid onset
  • larger fluid volumes can be used
  • irritant drugs may be more tolerated

DISADVANTAGES:

  • higher in cost
  • more difficult to administer
  • inconvenient
  • more risks (pain, infection)
30
Q

Give the advantages and disadvantages for intramuscular administration.

A

ADVANTAGES:

  • used when drugs are poorly solvable
  • used for depot (long-acting) drugs

DISADVANTAGES:

  • discomfort
  • inconvenient
31
Q

Give the advantages, disadvantages, and an example of subcutaneous administration.

A

ADVANTAGES:

  • alternate route to oral
  • minimal discomfort

DISADVANTAGES:
-inconvenient

32
Q

Give the advantages, disadvantages, and a few examples for topical administration.

A

ex patches, creams/ointments

ADVANTAGES:

  • ease of administration
  • if toxicity occurs can take patch off
  • slow absorption (patches)

DISADVANTAGES:
-may be messy

33
Q

Give the advantages, disadvantages of ear administrations

A

ADVANTAGES:
-local admin, low systemic toxicity

DISADVANTAGES:

  • messy
  • hard to admin
  • difficulty hearing
34
Q

Give the advantages, disadvantages, and a few examples for ocular administration.

A

ex drops or ointments

ADVANTAGES:
-local administration, low systemic toxicity

DISADVANTAGES:

  • messy
  • hard to administer
35
Q

Give the advantages and disadvantages for rectal/vaginal administration.

A

ADVANTAGES:

  • fast absorption
  • bypass stomach irritation

DISADVANTAGES:

  • discomfort
  • administration may be messy/invasive of privacy
36
Q

How do drug interactions affect the therapeutic effect?

A

INCREASE therapeutic effect

  • good: increasing beneficial effects
  • bad: increasing side effects

DECREASE therapeutic effect
-inhibits effects of drug

37
Q

What other things can interact with drugs?

A

FOOD
ex grapefruit juice and heart meds

HERBAL products

38
Q

What is an adverse effect?

A

a noxious, unintended, and undesired effect that occurs at normal drug doses

39
Q

What are the two types of adverse effects?

A

COMMON: predictable, well known

IDIOSYNCRATIC: unpredictable, known

  • reaction is usually linked to genetics
  • mechanism is usually immune-mediated toxicity
40
Q

What is Steven Johnson Syndrome?

A

an idiosyncratic adverse effect resulting in a burn-like condition where the skin just peels off

41
Q

What physiological changes in older adults might affect pharmacokinetics?

A

dec cardiac output -> dec absorption and distribution

dec blood flow -> dec absorption and distribution

inc pH in stomach

dec peristalsis - delayed gastric emptying

dec enzyme production -> dec metabolism

dec blood flow -> dec metabolism and dec excretion

dec renal function -> dec excretion

Pharmocology HSC 116 (5 decks)

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