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Bio363 quiz 1 ch123 > Chapter 2-chem > Flashcards

Chapter 2-chem Flashcards

0
Q

What does the mass number represent?

A

The number of protons plus the number of neutrons

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1
Q

What is does the atomic number represent?

A

The number of protons (protons are equal to electrons)

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2
Q

Describe the two kinds of intramolecular bonding

A

Ionic bonds are formed when atoms exchange (give or take) electrons
Covalent bonds are formed when atoms share one or more electron pairs

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3
Q

A positively or negatively charged atom becomes a?

A

Ion

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4
Q

Cation

A

An atom that has lost an electron and is therefore positively charged

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5
Q

Anion

A

An atom that has gained an electron and is therefore negatively charged

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6
Q

Polar vs nonpolar covalent bonds

A

In polar covalent bonds, the electrons are not shared equally, giving that molecule +and- poles. Nonpolar covalent bonds share the electrons equally.

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7
Q

Molecule

A

Two or more atoms combine to form an independent unit (ie H2 or O2)

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8
Q

Compound

A

A substance composed of 2 or more different types of atoms (ie H2O)

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9
Q

By adding up a compounds atomic masses of its atoms or ions you are calculating:

A

Molecular mass

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10
Q

Solubility

A

Ability of one substance to dissolve in another (like salt or sugar in water)

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11
Q

Dissociation or separation

A

In ions, the negative end is attracted to the positive pole of water, the positive to the negative pole of water and the ions separate and become surrounded by water

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12
Q

Reactants vs product

A

Reactants are the substances enter into a chemical reaction and the product is the resulting substances

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13
Q

What is the collective term for all chemical reactions taking place in the body?

A

Metabolism

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14
Q

Reversible reactions

A

Chemical reactions that can move from reactants to products and back again

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15
Q

Equlibrium in reversible reactions

A

The rate of product formation is equal to the rate of reactant formation

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16
Q

How does temperature affect the rate of chemical reactions

A

Rise in temp causes molecules to move at quicker speeds, thus speeding up the rate they crash into each other and react

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17
Q

What are three things that can affect the speed of a chemical reaction?

A

Temperature: increase in kinetic energy causes more frequent and harder collisions>more reactions
Concentration of reactants: an increase in reactant concentration gives an increase in reactions
Catalysts: substances that can increase the rate of a chemical reaction without being changed or depleted
Enzymes are a protein based form of a catalyst that are used throughout the body to increase the rate of chemical reactions

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18
Q

What scale is used to indicate the concentration of H+ in a solution?

A

pH scale

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19
Q

What is another name for a solution that has equal hydroxide and hydrogen ions?

A

pH 7 or neutral

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20
Q

Acidic vs alkaline

A

Acidic solutions have a pH of 0-7 and a greater concentration of H+ ions
Alkaline or basic solutions have a pH 8-14 and a greater concentration off OH- ions

21
Q

Carbohydrates, composition

A

C, H, O

22
Q

Monomer

A

A simple sugar or monosaccharide

23
Q

How does the body utilize carbohydrates

A

Energy

24
Q

What is the difference between monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides

A

Monosaccharides are simple sugars without carbon chain
Disaccharides are two simple sugars bound together by dehydrationy
Polysaccharides are long chains of many monosaccharides, they are the storage mechanism for monosaccharides

25
Q

Name 3 six carbon sugars and how they are used in the diet

A

Glucose, fructose, galactose; used for energy

26
Q

Five-carbon sugars are components of

A

ATP, DNA, RNA

27
Q

Give 3 examples of disaccharides

A

Sucrose, lactose, maltose

28
Q

Glycogen is an example of

A

A polysaccharide that is made by animals to store glucose

29
Q

starch vs cellulose

A

starch and cellulose both are polysaccharide chains made by plants.
starch, when injested, is used by the human body as glucose
cellulose, when injested, adds bulk and is indigestible

30
Q

chemical composition of lipids

A

composed mpstly of c,h,o

3-1 fatty acid/glycerol

31
Q

name some lipids

A

anabolic steroids, phospholipids, adipose

32
Q

name some functions for lipids

A 
protection
insulation
physiological regulation
component of cell membrane
energy source
33
Q

what chemical process is used by the body to break down fats?

A

hydrolysis (water is added to break the bonds between the glycerol and fatty acids)

34
Q

what is the fat that is an important structural component to cell membranes?

A

phospholipids create much of the structure of a cell membrane because one end is polar (and hydrophillic) and the other is nonpolar (hydrophobic)

35
Q

describe the structure of a steroid

A

a steroid is a 4 ring structure that differ from one another based on the groups attached to the rings

36
Q

what other steroids can be formed from cholesterol?

A

bile salts
estrogen
testosterone

37
Q

what are some functions of steroids?

A

physiological regulation

component of cell membrane

38
Q

what is the composition of protein?

A

C, H, O, N, sometimes S, I, Ph, K

monomers = amino acids

39
Q

what are the functions of proteins?

A

regulate processes, aid transport, protection, muscle contraction, structure, energy

40
Q

what are the levels of structure in a protein?

A

primary
secondary
tertiary
quarternary

41
Q

in what level of protein structure would you identify an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet? and what causes the folding?

A

secondary, hydrogen bonds

42
Q

what is the primary structure of a protein?

A

the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain (formed by peptide bonds)

43
Q

what happens in the tertiary structure of a protein?

A

the secondary structure folds back on itself

44
Q

describe quaternary structure of proteins

A

quaternary structure is the structure observed when 2 or more proteins associate to form a functional unit

45
Q

what are the building blocks of a protein?

A

amino acids

46
Q

describe the bonds formed between amino acids during the protein synthesis

A

covalent bonds called peptide bonds

47
Q

what is the composition of nucleic acids?

A

C, H, N, O, P

monomers = nucleotide = five-carbon sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group

48
Q

ATP, DNA and RNA are all examples of

A

nucleic acids

49
Q

what is composed of 2 strands of nucleotides and is the genetic material of cells?

A

DNA

50
Q

what is responsible for protein synthesis and what does it resemble?

A

RNA, a single strand DNA

51
Q

describe the functions of ATP, the energy currency of the body

A

provides energy for chemical reactions as anabolism or drive cell processes as muscle contraction
all energy-requiring chemical reactions stop when there is inadequate ATP

Bio363 quiz 1 ch123 (3 decks)

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