Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathology Definitions > Bones and Joints > Flashcards

Bones and Joints Flashcards

1
Q

A specialized form of connective tissue in which the extracellular components are mineralized

A

Bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Constitutes the spongy bone of the medullary cavity; formed by a 3-D lattice of interlacing spicules or trabeculae; spaces between spicules contains the bone marrow

A

Cancellous (trabecular) bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Forms the dense walls of the diaphysis; has high density and is composed of concentric layers of bone tissue with a channel on the center

A

Compact (cortical) bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Immature bone present during fetal development or in the early stages of bone repair; collagen fibers are randomly distributed and have crisscross pattern

A

Woven bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Mature bone present in normal adult stages; collagen fibers are perfectly arranged in a parallel pattern

A

Lamellar bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Growth in width; primarily in flat bones and along periosteal surfaces of bones

A

Intramembranous (appositional) ossification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Responsible for the longitudinal growth of long bones and other bones with growth plates; growth cartilage is subsequently replaced by bone

A

Endochondral ossification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Defective endochondral ossification that results in disproportionate dwarfism; appositional growth is normal although endochondral growth is impaired

A

Chondrodysplasia (chondrodystrophia fetalis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Inherited disease in which defective osteoclasts fail to reabsorb and remodel the fetal bone; causes increased bone density with concurrent reduction of medullary spaces

A

Osteopetrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Affects long bones and is characterized by exaggerated periosteal bone growth in pigs

A

Congenital cortical hyperostosis of pigs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Absence of a limb(s)

A

Amelia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Absence of the distal half of a limb(s)

A

Hemimelia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Absence of proximal portions of the limb(s)

A

Phocomelia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Absence of distal portions of the limb(s)

A

Peromelia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Small limbs

A

Micromelia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Fusion of digits

A

Syndactylia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Supernumerary digits

A

Polydactylia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Ventral deviation of a vertebral column

A

Lordosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Dorsal deviation of a vertebral column

A

Kyphosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Lateral deviation of a vertebral column

A

Scoliosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Dorsolateral deviation of a vertebral column

A

Kyphoscoliosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Negative balance between the formation and the resorption of bone leading to reduction of bone mass; reduction in the thickness of cortical bone, reduced number of trabecula in cancellous bone; there is little bone, but what is there is normal

A

Osteoporosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Softening of bones in young, growing animals; metabolic bone disease involving deficient calcification of osteoid and cartilaginous matrices; usually involves deficiencies with Vit D or phosphorus

A

Rickets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Softening of bones in grown animals; failure of calcification of osteoid during the normal remodeling of bone associated primarily with Vit D or P deficiencies

A

Osteomalacia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Metabolic bone disease characterized by increased osteoclastic resorption of bone and replacement with fibrous CT

A

Osteodystrophia fibrosa (fibrous osteodystrophy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Caused by active parathyroid adenomas and is rare; overproduction of PTH

A

Primary hyperparathyroidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Results from low calcium, high phosphate diet

A

Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Failure to eliminate P in the urine, causing hyperphosphatemia

A

Renal secondary hyperparathyroidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

A piece of necrotic bone isolated from the remaining viable bone

A

Sequestrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

A dense collar of bone surrounding sequestrum

A

Involucrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Exostosis, enostosis, hyperostosis

A

Bone proliferation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

A bony growth on the surface of a bone or tooth

A

Exostosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

A bony tumor arising within a bone

A

Enostosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Excessive or abnormal thickening or growth of bone tissue

A

Hyperostosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Localized (unilateral) infection of the jaw caused by actinomyces bovis; causes a chronic phyogranulomatous osteomyelitis

A

Lumpy Jaw (mandibular osteomyelitis)

36
Q

A usually bacterial infection of bone and bone marrow in which the resulting inflammation can lead to a reduction of blood supply to the bone

A

Osteomyelitis

37
Q

A disorder affecting bones and joints; primarily characterized by degenerative changes with almost no inflammation

A

Osteoarthropathy

38
Q

Localized bone disease; dogs have a swelling of the temporo maxillary region; bony bridging on the periosteal surface

A

Craniomandibular osteopath (lion jaw)

39
Q

Bones or cartilages united by fibrous tissue

A

Fibrous joints (synarthrosis)

40
Q

Bones or cartilages united by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage

A

Cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis)

41
Q

Unite 2 bone ends covered by articulate cartilage na dall surrounded by a thick articular capsule

A

Synovial (diarthrosis/true joints)

42
Q

Bilateral depressions not covered by cartilage

A

Synovial fossae

43
Q

Clear, viscous, colorless or slightly yellow fluid produced by synoviocyted; main functions are to reduce friction (lubricate) and to nourish the articular cartilage

A

Synovial fluid

44
Q

Thick sack of CT that covers the entire joint and provides additional joint stability

A

Articular capsule

45
Q

Thin membrane with discrete villi superficially lined by a continuous layer of highly specialized cells called synoviocytes

A

Synovial membrane

46
Q

Bands of fibrous tissue connecting joints serving to support and strengthen the joints

A

Ligaments

47
Q

Early degenerative change of articular cartilage due to loss of proteoglycans, the unmasking of collagen fibers and an increased water content in chondrocytes; equivalent to superficial erosion of the cartilage; ground glass appearance

A

Fibrillation

48
Q

Complete loss (ulceration) of articular cartilage, which is generally accompanied by a thickening of the subchondral bone (osteosclerosis)

A

Eburnation

49
Q

Conventional term used to describe viable and often growing fragments of cartilage and/or bone floating free in synovial fluid; formation of joint mice occurs when pieces of degenerating cartilage detach from the subchondral bone

A

Joint mice

50
Q

Multiple bone outgrowths derived from chondrification of fibrous tissues; not a specific lesion and occurs in degenerative and inflammatory joint diseases

A

Osteophytes

51
Q

Synovial membrane takes on a ‘velvety’ appearance due to the formation of tongue-like synovial villi covered with hyperplastic synoviocytes

A

Villous hyperplasia (hypertrophy)

52
Q

Thickening of the capsule due to the proliferation of CT and deposition of exudate

A

Capsular fibrosis

53
Q

Formation of granulation on the synovial membrane

A

Pannus

54
Q

Used to describe several chronic articular changes in the same joint

A

End stage joint

55
Q

The stiffening and immobility of a joint as the result of disease, trauma, surgery, or abnormal bone fusion

A

Ankylosis

56
Q

Characterized by compression of the spinal cord and ataxia; eventually causes narrowing of the vertebral canal and myelomalacia; clinical signs are incoordination and locomotion distubances

A

Cervical vertebral stenotic myelopathy in horses (wobbler syndrome)

57
Q

Instability of the cervical vertebral joints (C3-C5) causes a dynamic narrowing of the vertebral canal and compression of the spinal cord

A

Cervical vertebral instability

58
Q

Hypertrophy of the ligamentum flavum causes dorsal narrowing of the vertebral canal at the C5-C7

A

Cervical static stenosis

59
Q

Characterized by abnormalities in the cervical vertebrae causing chronic compression, myelomalacia, and gate deficits

A

Cervical spondylomyelopathies (wobblers in dogs)

60
Q

Annulus fibrosis degenerates and allows a dorsal protrusion of nucleus pulposus into the spinal canal causing compressive myelomalacia

A

Dorsal protrusion (prolapse) of intervertebral disk

61
Q

Another form of disk disease in which the disk suddenly disintegrates and herniates into the spinal canal; due to severe compressive trauma to spinal column as in HBC

A

Disk explosion

62
Q

No gross lesions but microscopic examination of the spinal cord reveals fibrocartilaginous material in the spinal arteries or veins

A

Embolism of the nucleus pulposus

63
Q

Chronic degenerative disease affecting the vertebral joints; lesions include degeneration of intervertebral disks, periosteal stimulation, osteophyte formation, bridging between vertebrae, and finally ankylosis

A

Ankylosing spondylosis

64
Q

Abnormal growth or maturation of cartilage

A

Osteochondrosis (Dyschondroplasia)

65
Q

Separation of a piece of articular cartilage from the subchondral bone; generally becomes a joint mouse

A

Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD)

66
Q

Septic inflammation (fibrinous or suppurative) of joints

A

Infectious arthritis

67
Q

A cystic swelling containing a serous fluid

A

Hygroma

68
Q

Characterized by lameness, the swelling joints, anorexia, and fever; lesions are bilateral, affecting only the joints of the appendicular skeleton; involves the formation of IgG/IgM immune complex (rheumatoid factor)

A

Erosive arthritis (rheumatoid-like arthritis)

69
Q

Caused by the deposition of immune complex in the synovial membranes generally associated with chronic diseases involving other organs

A

Non-erosive arthritis

70
Q

Inflammation of the hoof laminae

A

Laminitis

71
Q

Metabolic disease characterized by the deposition of urates in membranes

A

Gout

72
Q

Chronic condition of ‘normal’ animals fed large amounts of protein or chickens with a genetic impairment in kidney to secrete uric acid resulting in the deposition of uric acid in synovial capsules

A

Articular gout

73
Q

Primary kidney failure resulting in the deposition of uric acid in the kidney, heart, and other viscera

A

Visceral gout

74
Q

Smooth, solitary, monostotic nodules formed by intramembranous ossification found generally in the skull

A

Osteoma

75
Q

Cartilage capped, bony protuberances that stop growing when the rest of the skeleton does

A

Osteochondromas (multiple cartilaginous exostoses)

76
Q

Benign tumor arising from the cartilage

A

Chondroma

77
Q

Most common skeletal neoplasia of dogs and cats

A

Osteosarcoma (osteogenic sarcoma)

78
Q

Rare tumors arising from malignant chondrocytes

A

Chondrosarcomas

79
Q

Rare tumors arising from synovial cells

A

Syovioma and synovial sarcoma

80
Q

Fracture where the skin is unbroken

A

Closed/simple fracture

81
Q

Fracture where the skin is broken and bone is exposed

A

Open/compound fracture

82
Q

Bone has shattered into several fragments

A

Comminuted fracture

83
Q

Fracture caused by the pull of a ligament

A

Avulsion fracture

84
Q

Fracture where one side is broken the other side is only bent; no separation or displacement

A

Greenstick fracture

85
Q

This fracture depends on the orientation of the fracture line

A

Transverse or spiral fracture

86
Q

Feature where the fracture ends are not aligned

A

Displaced fracture

87
Q

Fracture that develops slowly following increased physical activity in which the bone is subjected to new repetitive loads

A

Stress fracture

Pathology Definitions (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions