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CV II Exam 2 > Pathology of the Heart I > Flashcards

Pathology of the Heart I Flashcards

1
Q

25% individuals

A

foramen ovale doesn’t fuse

-probe patent - not congenital defect

problem if RA pressure higher than LA

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2
Q

paradoxical embolism

A

with hole in heart

-embolism from venous to arterial systemic circulation

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3
Q

MI in septum

A

arrhythmia

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4
Q

intercalated cells

A

in myocardium
-adhesion plus gap junctions

myocardial cells branch

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5
Q

sigmoid septum

A

aging heart

  • reduced ventricular size
  • bulging of basal ventricular septum

don’t perfuse coronary aa as well

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6
Q

aging heart

A

sigmoid septum
aortic and mitral valve calcific
coronary arteries tortuous
brown atrophy (lipofuscin

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7
Q

predominant cause of death in US

A

heart disease

cancer is close behind

more in males and AAs

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8
Q

increased deaths

A

congenital heart disease (better Dx)

hypertensive heart disease

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9
Q

decreased deaths

A

ischemic heart disease
valve disease
myocardial disease

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10
Q

cardiac reserve

A

at rest - CO only 10-20% of max capacity

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11
Q

symptomatic patient

A

with loss of 70-80% of cardiac function

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12
Q

six causes of cardiac dysfunction

A 
1 pump fail
2 obstruction through heart
3 regurgitant flow
4 shunted flow
5 conduction disorders
6 circulatory system disruption
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13
Q

myocardium

A

hypertrophy - no hyperplasia

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14
Q

cardiac hypertrophy

A

incrase in ventricular thickness or weight

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15
Q

cardiomegaly

A

increase in heart size

hypertrophy OR dilation

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16
Q

normal heart weight

A

male 300-350g

female 250-300g

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17
Q

600-1000g heart

A

aortic regurg

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

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18
Q

400-800g heart

A

systemic HTN, aortic stenosis, mitral regurg, dialted cardiomyopathy

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19
Q

350-600g heart

A

pulmonary HTN, IHD

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20
Q

concentric hypertrophy

A

pressure overload

thick myocytes

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21
Q

eccentric hypertrophy

A

volume overload

stretched myocytes

chamber dilation as well

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22
Q

cor pulmonale

A

right ventricle hypertropy

23
Q

both eccentric and concentric

A

have increased muscle mass

24
Q

CHF

A

insufficient pump rate or pump only meet demands with elevated filling P

25
Q

left side CHF

A

fluid in lungs

26
Q

right side CHF

A

systemic edema

27
Q

forward failure

A

diminished CO
-systolic dysfunction - dilated cardiomyopathy

-diastolic dysfunction - restrictive cardiomyopathy

28
Q

backward failure

A

venous blood pooling

29
Q

left side heart failure

A

IHD, HTN, aortic/mitral disease, cardiomyopathy

30
Q

acute left side heart failure

A

emergency
-acute pulmonary edema - foam at mouth

50% mortality

31
Q

chronic left side heart failure

A

SOB, edema, pitting lower legs

32
Q

venous congestion on lung

A

capillary pop - RBCs to alveolar space

pinkish edema fluid

33
Q

enlargement of left atrium

A

dilation occurs with LVH

34
Q

IHD

A

chamber dilation

35
Q

valvular disease

A

hypertropy

36
Q

secondary enlargement of left atirum

A

atrial fib

mural thrombus

37
Q

S3 gallup

A

diastolic filling
-blood hitting wall

-in physically active and sick individuals

significant in pt didn’t have it but now dose

38
Q

annulus

A

ring around valve

  • contracts during systole
  • to prevent regurgitation
39
Q

mitral regurg

A

systolic murmur

40
Q

orthopnea

A

dyspnea when laying down

41
Q

paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

A

random attacks of dyspnea at night

42
Q

other effects of left heart failure

A

pulmonary edema

renal hypoperfusion
-RAAS - vicious cycle

brain - hypoxic encephalopathy

43
Q

siderophages

A

heart failure cells

long term

44
Q

right side heart failure

A

often follows left side heart failure

increased P pulmonary circulation
-increased workload on right side of heart

45
Q

cor pulmonale

A

pure right side heart failure

-secondary to lung disease

46
Q

anasarca

A

extreme generalized edema

47
Q

effects of right side heart failure

A

subQ pitting edema
congestive hepatomegaly - centrilobular necrosis
congestive splenomegaly

pleural and pericardial effusions (transudate)

48
Q

BNP

A

produced by ventricles

stretching for any reason

also NT pro-BNP test available

49
Q

ANP

A

produced by atrium

50
Q

CNP

A

from endo cells - shear stress

51
Q

natriuretic peptides

A

cause vasodilation, natriuresis, and diuresis

52
Q

BNP level for CHF

A

extremely high - > 500

53
Q

changes with hypertrophy

A

also see fetal isoforms of beta-myosin heavy chain, natriuretic peptides, and collagen

54
Q

physiologic hypertrophy

A

aerobic exercise

  • volume-load hypertrophy
  • beneficial - increased cap density, decreased resting HR, decreased BP

CV II Exam 2 (18 decks)

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