W11/L2

Question 1

Which are considered the 6 main hallmarks of cancer?

Answer 1

Resisting cell death
Enabling replicative immortality
Sustaining proliferative signalling
Evading growth suppressors
Activating invasion & metastisis
Inducing angiogenesis

Question 2

What are the 2 emerging hallmarks of cancer?

Answer 2

Deregulating cellular energetics

Avoiding immune destruction

Question 3

What are the 2 emerging “enabling characteristics” of cancer?

Answer 3

Genome instability & mutation

Tumour-promoting inflam.

Question 4

What are the 4 classes of normal regulatory genes that are the principle targets of damage relevant in carcinogenesis?

Answer 4

Proto-oncogenes
Tumor suppressor genes
Apoptosis genes
DNA repair genes

Question 5

What is a proto-oncogene

Answer 5

A normal cellular gene whose products promote cell proliferation

Question 6

What do tumour suppressor genes normally do?

Answer 6

Inhibit growth

Question 7

What’s an example of a well known DNA repair gene?

Answer 7

BRCA1 & 2

Question 8

What does mutation in APC predispose a person to?

Answer 8

Familial adenomatous polyposis

(FAP) & colon cancer

Question 9

What’s an oncogene?

Answer 9

A mutated proto-oncogene that managed so function autonomously without any requirement for normal growth-promoting signals

Question 10

What’s an oncoprotein?

Answer 10

A protein encoded by oncogenes

Question 11

Does a tumour supressor gene have to lose 1 or both copies to cause tumour development? Why?

Answer 11

Both - there has to be loss of heterozygosity in the gene