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Medicine Year 1 > Week 144 Aortic Stenosis > Flashcards

Week 144 Aortic Stenosis Flashcards

0
Q

Define Aortic stenosis.

A

Narrowing of aortic valve

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1
Q

Cover cardiac cycle, including sounds, valves, and various lettered stages.

A

q

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2
Q

What causes aortic stenosis?

A

calcific degenration
bicuspid valve (usually)
Rheumatic

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3
Q

What is the consequence of Aortic stenosis?

A

Pressure < in L ventricle

LV dilation and LV failure as consequence.

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4
Q

Px with dyspnoea, syncope and angina type pain - what do you suspect?

A

LV Failure 2ndary to Aortic stenosis(?)

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5
Q

What is NYHA? How is is used?

A

New York heart association scale - assess heart failure

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6
Q

What is CCS classification?

A

Canadian cardiovascular society

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7
Q

How many units should a woman have per day?

A

2

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8
Q

What sound would you hear in aortic stenosis?

A

Ejection systolic

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9
Q

What sound would you hear in mitral regurgitation?

A

pan systolic murmur

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10
Q

What does an ejection diastolic murmur indicate (subtle)?

A

Aortic regurgitation

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11
Q

What does a very subtle pan diastolic murmur, which small “bumps” in sound just after 1st and 2nd heart sound indicate?

A

mitral stenosi

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12
Q

When looking at a cardiac echo what do you look for?

A 
Size
CS area of valves
assess morphology
continuity equation
modified bernioulli equation (?)
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13
Q

What is the modified bernioulli equation?

A

?

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14
Q

What are lvels a, b, and c of evidence?

A

write these up

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15
Q

What are classes of recomendations? 1 11 11a 11b 111

A

write these up

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16
Q

What are the class 1 indications for AVR?

A

Symptomatic patients with severe AS (level of evidence: b)
Severe AS undergoing CABG (LOE:3)
Severe AS with other valve surgery (LOE:3)
One other - see slide from lecture monday 9am

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17
Q

Name 4 types of prosthesis?

A

Autograft
Allograft/Homograft
Xenograft/Bioprosthesis
Mechanical Prosthesis

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18
Q

What lifestyle factor affects warfarin (< INR)?

A

Alcohol

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19
Q

Amiodarone has a reaction/interaction with what common drug?

A

warfarin

20
Q

What is vasculogenesis?

A

The appearance of blood vessels seemingly out of “nowhere”, as opposed to angiogenesis (formation via branching of existing vessels)

21
Q

Hemangioblasts form what?

A

Cells of the blood vessels and vascular system - and blood!

22
Q

In day 19, vasculogenesis forms blood ____ in the ____

A

islands

mesoderm

23
Q

Why is angiogenesis an important area of current research

A

anti cancer meds

24
Q

Which cavity eventually becomes the thorax?

A

Primitive pericardial cavity

25
Q

Which 3 pairs of veins are in the primitive vascular system (day 28)?

A

Sup and inf cardinal veins

vitelline veins

26
Q

which important event occurs between day 23-35 with regards to heart chambers?

A

Endocardial cushions meet and diverge atrioventricular tube x2

27
Q

What does the septum primum do?

A

Starts to grow down toward endocardial cushions, to separate atriums.

28
Q

What opens before the ostium primum closes? Why does this happen?

A

Ostium secondum. To prevent blood pumping to developing respiratory tissue.

29
Q

What forms over the secondum? What happens in birth?

A

One way valve, when born closes as full vascular system being used. Foramen ovale remains in some adults.

30
Q

What is the conotruncal ridge?

A

Forms in embryonic heart tube, separating it to pulmonary trunk and aorta, at about 6 weeks. cause spiralled division of vasculature, and also descends to combine with muscular portion of intraventricular septum, separating the ventricles, and attaching aorta to L side and P trunk to R side.

31
Q

If neural crest cells do not descend in to the developing heart, you get what?

A

congenital heat defects

32
Q

LOOK AT SYMBRYO ON BLACKBOARD FOR EXAM (LIKELY) QUESTIONS

A

j

33
Q

Where do the umbilical arteries form from?

A

They are anterior branches of the iliac arteries

34
Q

What is the organ of gas exchange in the fetus and the newborn?

A 
Fetus = placenta
Newborn = lungs
35
Q

In the fetus the lungs are not ____

A

functional

36
Q

What is the organ of nutrition in the fetus and the newborn?

A

Fetus - placenta

Newborn - gut

37
Q

In the fetus there is tonic ____ of the lungs to prevent blood flow

A

vasoconstriction of artieries

38
Q

Blood enters right atrium from?

A

ivc
svc
?

39
Q

Which organ is prioritised in the foetus?

A

The brain

40
Q

The venous return from the HEART itself comes through the ____?

A

???? *** sinus

41
Q

see lecture notes (second mon am lecture) for more

A

u

42
Q

The valve of the IVC is called the _____ valve.

A

Eustachian valve.

43
Q

How does the ductus arteriosus close?

A

Pulmonary vascular resistance >, therefore blood (oxygenated) from aorta goes to pulmonary artery. In response to high oxygen conc, smooth muscle contracts, closing the ductus.

44
Q

Ductus arteriosus is known as ____ in later life

A

ligamentum arteriosum.

45
Q

Decrease in right atrial pressure closes the ______-

A

foramen ovale

46
Q

learn and make cards for vestigial structrues slide

A

t

47
Q

What do you know about persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn?

A

failure of pulmonary vasconstriction at birth
Usually caused by prenatal fetal hypoxia
Right to left shunting across PDA and PFO
Cyanosis, acidosis, lower limb sats >, multiorgan failure, death if left.

Medicine Year 1 (39 decks)

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