Chapter 1

Question 0

Over confidence

Answer 0

Tendency to be more confident than correct-to over estimate that accuracy of ones belief/judgement

Question 1

Hindsight bias

Answer 1

Tendency to believe, after learning an outcome that one would have foreseen it (I knew it all along)

Question 2

Critical thinking

Answer 2

Smart thinking; examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence and assesses conclusions

Question 3

Scientific method

Answer 3

Self-correcting process for asking questions and observing natures answer

Question 4

Theory

Answer 4

An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events, simplifies things

Question 5

Hypothesis

Answer 5

Testable prediction, often implied by a theory

Question 6

Operational definitions

Answer 6

A statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables. Allows us to MEASURE variables

Question 7

Replicate

Answer 7

Repeating the essence of a research study

Question 8

Case study

Answer 8

Psychologists study one individual in depth in hope if revealing things true of us all

Question 9

Survey

Answer 9

Asks people to report their behavior/opinions/attitudes

Question 10

False consensus effect

Answer 10

Tendency to over estimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors

Question 11

Population

Answer 11

All the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study. Group of people, used as samples

Question 12

Random sample

Answer 12

A sample that fairly represents a population; each member has an EQUAL opportunity

Question 13

Naturalistic observations

Answer 13

Observing/recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

Question 14

Correlate

Answer 14

A measure of which 2 factors vary together and how we’ll either factor PREDICTS the other

Question 15

Scatter plots

Answer 15

Graphed cluster of dots. Each dot represents the value of 2 variables

Question 16

Illusory correlation

Answer 16

The perception of a relationship where none exist. Thinking a relationship exist when it doesn’t

Question 17

Experiment

Answer 17

Manipulates one or more factors (independent) to observe a behavior or mental process (dependent)

Question 18

Double blind procedure

Answer 18

An experimental procedure where neither the research participant and research staff are blind about whether the participant have received the treatment or placebo

Question 19

Placebo effect

Answer 19

Experimental results caused by expectations alone. Acting like you took a medicine but didn’t

Question 20

Experimental condition

Answer 20

Exposes participants to the treatment, one version of the independent variable

Question 21

Control condition

Answer 21

Contrasts the experimental control; serves as a comparison

Question 22

Random assignment

Answer 22

Assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance minimizing pre existing differences between those assigned to the different groups

Question 23

Independent variable

Answer 23

Experimental factor that is manipulated , variable whose effect is being studied

Question 24

Dependent variable

Answer 24

The variable that May change in response to manipulate of independent variable

Question 25

Wording effect

Answer 25

The different way of saying things to change people’s way of thinking

Question 26

Representative

Answer 26

A sample that fairly reflects the population being studied

Question 27

Non representative

Answer 27

A sample that unfairly reflects the population being studied

Question 28

Correlation coefficient

Answer 28

Statistical measure of a relationship, closest to 1

Question 29

Mode

Answer 29

Most frequently occurring number

Question 30

Mean

Answer 30

Arithmetic average

Question 31

Median

Answer 31

Middle number in the line up

Question 32

Range

Answer 32

Difference between highest and lowest number

Question 33

Standard deviation

Answer 33

How much scores vary around the mean

Question 34

Statistical significance

Answer 34

Statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance

Question 35

Culture

Answer 35

Behaviors, ideas, traditions that are shared by a large group of people and past on from generation to generation

Question 36

Experimenter bias

Answer 36

The unconscious tendency for researchers to change their data to increase the chance if confirming their hypothesis