2.7

Question 1

inclusions

Answer 1

-bodies or aggregates within cell
-often related to storage of substance

Question 2

microcompartments

Answer 2

-protein shells than encase specific enzymes/ metabolites / cofactors
-carry out specific metabolism
-analogous to organelle

Question 3

what type of cells can have microcompartments

Answer 3

bacterial

Question 4

what type of cells can have inclusions

Answer 4

prokaryotic cells

Question 5

what do some prokaryotes store as carbon

Answer 5

-poly-beta-hydroxyutyric acid (PHB)
stored as lipids (PHA)

Question 6

PHB

Answer 6

produced when excess of carbon / energy
it aggregates and forms large granules which can be broken down when needed

Question 7

where is excess inorganic phosphate stored

Answer 7

polyphosphate granules, broken down to nucleic acids and phospholipids

Question 8

sulfer storage granules

Answer 8

produced by bacteria and archaea that oxidize reduced sulfer compounds for energy

Question 9

bacteria/ arch that can float produce

Answer 9

gas vessicles

Question 10

gas vessicles

Answer 10

protein structures that keep water and solutes out but let gas in
confer buoyency

Question 11

example of bacteria that uses gas vessicles

Answer 11

cyannobacteria

Question 12

what is a type of microcompartment

Answer 12

Carboxysomes

Question 13

Carboxysomes

Answer 13

-concentrate enzymes involved in carbon fixation\
-it increases their efficiency and reduces unwanted side reactions

Question 14

what can microcompartments other than corboxysomes do?

Answer 14

protect cell against toxin/ reactive intermediates or biproducts

Question 15

endospore

Answer 15

highly differenciated dormant cells that can survive starvation and very harsh envir conditions

Question 16

what phylum produce endospores
what gram

Answer 16

firmicutes - gram +ve

Question 17

how long do endospores survive

Answer 17

hundreds of years and then geminate

Question 18

vegetative cell

Answer 18

growing and divide normally and differenciate into endospores upon nutrient deprivation

Question 19

endospore features

Answer 19

they provide resistance and stability and shut down metabolism

Question 20

how do endospores create stable and resistant core

Answer 20

dehydrate the core, use specific acid
also use SASPs to make the endospore more compact

Question 21

what acid is used in the dehydration process

Answer 21

dipicolinic acid (DPA)

Question 22

SASPs

Answer 22

small acid soluble proteins
-made during sporulation, make cell more compact and protect from damage
-used as carbon and energy source during germination

Question 23

endospore structure

Answer 23

core
cortex
two membranes
coat
some spores have exosporium

Question 24

core

Answer 24

-where DNA and ribosomes are housed
-becomes vegitative cell

Question 25

Cortex

Answer 25

peptidoglycan layer

Question 26

two membranes

Answer 26

outer membrane nothing like gramnegative OM

Question 27

coat

Answer 27

protective protein layer comprised of many diff preotiens

Question 28

exosporum

Answer 28

second protein layer called exosporium

Question 29

major events in endospore formation

Answer 29

asymmetric cell division (commitment to endospore), outer spore membrane formed, cortex and spore coat formed, dehydration of spore, Ca+ uptake, SASPs and DPA, cell degrades, endospore --> then germinates