27-29

Question 1

5 conditions of hardy weinberg

Answer 1

• population is large enough that it won’t alter allele frequency
• mates are randomly chosen
• no net mutations
• no migration
• no natural selection against any phenotypes

Question 2

gene flow

Answer 2

movement of alleles from one population to another due to migration of individuals

Question 3

non random mating

Answer 3

individuals choose to mate based on their physical/behavioural traits

Question 4

random mating

Answer 4

no way to know which male-female will mate with which male-female

Question 5

genetic drift

Answer 5

change in allele frequencies due to chance events in a small population

Question 6

what happens when a genetic drift happens

Answer 6

a certain allele can get wiped out

Question 7

founder effect

Answer 7

gene pool change that occurs when a few individuals start a new isolated population

Question 8

bottleneck effect

Answer 8

gene pool change that results a rapid population decrease

Question 9

give some examples that causes a bottleneck effect

Answer 9

starvation, disease, natural disasters

Question 10

what are the outcomes of a bottleneck effect

Answer 10

survivors only have a limited amount of ppl to breed with which decreases genetic diversity

Question 11

natural selection

Answer 11

leads directly to evolutionary adaptation

Question 12

heterozygote advantage

Answer 12

alleles that are related to genetic health conditions that will give organism an advantage

Question 13

population density and equation variables

Answer 13

number of individuals (N) in a given area (A) or volume (V)

D = N/A or D = N/V

Question 14

3 types of distribution patterns

Answer 14

random distribution, clumped distribution, uniform distribution

Question 15

random distribution

Answer 15

resources are abundant and organisms don’t have to fight for survival

Question 16

clumped distribution

Answer 16

members of a population are found close together in various groups within the habitat

Question 17

uniform distribution

Answer 17

individuals are evenly spaced over a defined area

Question 18

population growth

Answer 18

how much and how fast a population size grows

Question 19

4 processes that change the size of a population and the outcomes

Answer 19

• births (b) and immigration (i) increase population size

- deaths (d) and emigration (e) decrease population size

Question 20

equation for population size

Answer 20

change in population size (N) = (b+i) - (d+e)

Question 21

population explosion

Answer 21

a big increase in population size (invasive species)

Question 22

population crash

Answer 22

rapid decline in population size

Question 23

growth rate equation

Answer 23

used to measure increases/decreases in population size overtime
gr= N/t

Question 24

per capita growth rate (cgr)

Answer 24

compare populations of the same species that are different sizes or live in different habitats
cgr = change in number of individuals/ original number of individuals

Question 25

biotic potential

Answer 25

highest possible per capita growth rate for a population

Question 26

factors that determine biotic potential

Answer 26

- number of offspring per reproductive cycle - number of offspring that survive to reproduce - age of reproductive maturity and number of times it can reproduce in its life - life span of the individuals

Question 27

exponential growth pattern

Answer 27

a population that’s growing at its biotic potential (on a graph it’s J shaped)

Question 28

carry capacity and symbol

Answer 28

K, the theoretical maximum population size that the environment can sustain overtime

Question 29

two factors that limit carrying capacity

Answer 29

density dependent factors and density independent factors

Question 30

density dependent factors and example

Answer 30

biotic (predator and prey), limits population depending on size (smaller pops. don’t have to worry a lot about predators)

Question 31

density independent factors

Answer 31

abiotic, forest fires and droughts, limit the size of population no matter the size

Question 32

environmental resistance

Answer 32

combined effects of various interacting limiting factors

Question 33

r-selected strategies

Answer 33

produce a lot of offspring but have a short lifespan

Question 34

K-selected strategies

Answer 34

fewer offspring, live for a long time and offspring are cared for

Question 35

intraspecific competition

Answer 35

competition for limited resources among members of the same species

Question 36

interspecific competition

Answer 36

competition between two or more populations for limited resources

Question 37

protective coloration

Answer 37

a physical natural defense mechanism

Question 38

3 symbiotic relationships

Answer 38

mutualism, commensalism, parasitism

Question 39

mutualism

Answer 39

when both partners benefit from the relationship

Question 40

commensalism

Answer 40

one partner benefits and the other is neutral

Question 41

parasitism

Answer 41

one partner, the parasite, benefits off the host

Question 42

succession

Answer 42

sequences of invasion and replacement of species in an ecosystem overtime