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MEDSCI302 > 27 Cancer Immunology I > Flashcards

27 Cancer Immunology I Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the PRIMARY organs of the immune system?

What is the FUNCTION of each organ?

A

BONE MARROW = immune cells BORN here

THYMUS = immune cells “educated” herex

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2
Q

Name the SECONDARY endocrine organs

A

Spleen
Lymph nodes
Tonsils
Peyer’s Patches

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3
Q

What is the general FUNCTION of secondary endocrine organs

A

Immune cells aggregate to provide PROTECTION

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4
Q

Stem cells give rise to what 2 immune cell LINEAGES

A
  1. Lymphoid lineage

2. Myeloid lineage

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5
Q

What cells make up the LYMPHOID lineage

A
  • B + T lymphocytes

* NK cells

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6
Q

What cells make up the MYELOID lineage

A

All INNATE immune cells

  • mφ (APC)
  • Dendritic (APC)
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7
Q

Define INNATE immunity and its main FUNCTION

A

Exists BEFORE exposure to antigen

Digest + PRESENT ANTIGEN to develop adaptive immunity

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8
Q

Function of MACROPHAGES

A
  • Digest + PRESENT antigens

* RECRUIT other immune cells

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9
Q

Function of DENDRITIC cells

A

Digest + PRESENT antigens

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10
Q

Function of NK cells

A

Detects diseased cells with NO MHC

MHC is down-regulated in cancer cells

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11
Q

Functions of Complement system

A
  • Opsonisation of pathogens

* Kill pathogens (channel)

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12
Q

Function of MAST cells

A

Degranulation to release histamine, chemokines, cytokines
= INFLAMMATION
= RECRUIT other immune cells

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13
Q

Functions of neutrophils

A
  • FIRST response cells

* RECRUIT other immune cells

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14
Q

What cells are in ADAPTIVE immunity

What are the FUNCTIONS of each cell type

A

B cells = make antibodies

T cells = KILLS cells presenting foreign antigens on MHCI/II

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15
Q

DIfference between MHC1 and MHC2?

A

MHC1 found on ALL cells

MHC2 found on APCs only

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16
Q

LIST the 4 phases of adaptive immunity

A 
RAEH
Recognition
Activation
Effector
Homeostasis
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17
Q

What happens in the RECOGNITION phase

A

APCs process + present antigens on MHCI/II

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18
Q

What happens in the ACTIVATION phase

A

SELECTED lymphocytes that recognise the antigen undergo CLONAL EXPANSION and differentiate into:

  • EFFECTOR cells
  • MEMORY cells
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19
Q

For example, naive B cells can become what 2 cell types?

A

PLASMA (effector) = make antibodies

MEMORY B cells = adaptive immunity

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20
Q

What happens in the EFFECTOR phase

A

Lymphocytes ELIMINATE the antigen

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21
Q

What happens in the homeostasis phase

A

Immune system returns to BASAL STATE

Activated cells die by APOPTOSIS

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22
Q

When the T-cells are “EDUCATED” in the thymus, what types of T-cells are selected AGAINST

A
  • WEAK/NO binding

* SELF-reactivity

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23
Q

2 types of mature T-lymphocytes

Study These Flashcards
A

CD4 helper T-cells

CD8 cytotoxic T-cells

24
Q

Functions of CD4 helper T-cells

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Recognise antigens presented by MHCII (APCs)
  • Secrete cytokines + HELP other immune cells function
  • Differentiate into many Th types
25
What 4 cell types do Th cells differentiate into? | What are their functions?
Th1 = activates cytotoxic-T to kill pathogens Th2 = activates B cells (humoral adaptive immunity) Th17 Treg = SUPPRESS immunity
26
Function of CD8 cytotoxic T-cells
Recognise antigens presented on MHCII (APCs)
27
How do APCs stimulate cytotoxic T-cells to kill pathogens?
Th cells recognise antigens on MHCII | Th matures into Th1 cells = activates cytotoxic T-cells
28
2 pathways by which cytotoxic T-cells cause APOPTOSIS?
Release granules with PERFORIN + GRANZYMES Fas/death-R activation
29
Action of perforin?
Punch HOLE | = influx to cause ⬆️osmotic P = LYSIS
30
Define Immune surveillance theory
That the PRIMARY role of the immune system is to SURVEY for and eliminate TUMOR cells
31
List some pieces of EVIDENCE for immune surveillance
* Cancer patients have TUMOR-specific antibodies + cytotoxic T-cells * Nearly 100% mice with NO adaptive immunity = CANCER
32
Name the 2 classes of tumor ANTIGENS
``` TSA = Tumor SPECIFIC antibodies TAA = Tumor ASSOCIATED antibodies ```
33
What is the difference between TSAs and TAAs
``` TSA = mutated protein ONLY found in tumor TAA = NORMAL protein OVEREXP in tumors ```
34
Give examples of TSAs and TAAs
``` TSA = mut-Ras, Bcr-Abl, mut-p53 TAA = RTKs, Erbb2 ```
35
What is the DIFFICULTY surrounding TAAs
HARD to mount immune response to NORMAL SELF-proteins
36
2 types of immuneTx approaches | Define each
ACTIVE immunoTx = stimulate patient’s OWN immune system against tumor ADOPTIVE immunoTx = transfer “designer” agents to patient
37
Example of ACTIVE immunoTx
Vaccines
38
Examples of ADOPTIVE immunoTx
Antibodies | LAK/TIL
39
In the 1990s, a new anti-cytokine COMBO therapy was found | What combination therapy was this?
LAK/TIL and anti-IL2
40
Why is it important to also inhibit IL2?
IL2 stimulates proliferation
41
Concept of cancer vaccines?
EXTRACT tumor cells to raise ANTIBODIES against their antigens = ENHANCE tumor response
42
What is a main LIMITATION of cancer vaccines?
Does NOT address EVASIVE mechanisms
43
Name 2 types of cancer VACCINES
BiovaxID | Provenge
44
What type of cancer does BiovaxID target?
Personalised antibody vaccine for follicular Non-Hodgkins LYMPHOMA
45
How is the BiovaxID vaccine made?
Extract B-cells making antibodies against tumor antigens | FUSE with immortal cell = HYBRIDOMA
46
What is done to ENHANCE SPECIFICITY of the antibodies
Conjugate KLH = enhance specificity
47
What is provenge
Personalised DENDRITIC cell vaccine for PROSTATE cancer
48
What antigen is provenge raised against?
PAP = antigen on ALL prostate cancer cells
49
What is conjugated to PAP?
GM-CSF
50
Function of GM-CSF?
Promotes DENDRITIC maturation for enhanced Provenge function
51
Name 2 other stategies other than vaccines
* mRNA strategies | * Oncolytic viruses (oncoVEX)
52
How do mRNA strategies work?
mRNA profiling = find MUTANOME = personalised Tx
53
What are Oncolytic viruses (oncoVEX)?
Viruses that replicate + LYSE in cancer cells ONLY
54
What happens upon LYSIS of cancer cells?
Release antigens to APCs = trigger immune response
55
2 things we can use Oncolytic viruses to DELIVER?
* TOXINS delivered to cancer selectively | * GM-CSF delivered to induce APCs (enhance immune response)

MEDSCI302 (8 decks)

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