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Bio 2.7 Gene Expression > 2.7 gene expression > Flashcards

2.7 gene expression Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

What is DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a double-stranded
helix made of chemical building blocks called
nucleotides

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2
Q

What is DNA made of

A

Nucleotides are made of:

  • Sugar (deoxyribose)
  • Phosphate
  • Nitrogenous bases (adenine (A), thymine (T),
    guanine (G), and cytosine (C))
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3
Q

What is the complementary based pairing rule

A

The complementary
base-pairing rules states
that:

  • Adenine (A) always bonds
    with thymine (T)
  • Cytosine (C) always bonds
    with guanine (G)
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4
Q

What is tRNA

A

the nucleic acid which has an anticodon
that binds to mRNA bringing in the correct
amino acid during translation

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5
Q

What is transcription

A

process in the nucleus where the genetic
information on DNA is transcribed on to
mRNA using the complemenary base
pairing so A on DNA pairs with U on
mRNA, T on DNA pairs with A on mRNA
and C pairs with G

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6
Q

What is translation

A

the process where the genetic infromation
in the sequence of codons on mRNA
specifies the sequence of amino acids in a
polypeptide chain

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7
Q

What is mRNA

A

the nucleic acid which is complementary to
the template strand of DNA which carries
the genetic information from the nucleus to
the ribosomes. it’s sequence of 3 base
codons specifies the sequence of amino
acids in a polypeptide chain

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8
Q

What is the rRNA/ribosome

A

the place where translation occurs

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9
Q

What is a codon

A

three bases on the mRNA that specifies

(codes for) an amino acid

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10
Q

What is an anticodon

A

three bases on the tRNA that binds to the
codon on mRNA during translation

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11
Q

What is an amino acid

A

monomer of a polypeptide chain or a
protein

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12
Q

What is a polypeptide chain

A

a molecule made up of a specific sequence
of amino acids

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13
Q

What is a peptide bond

A

the bond that forms between the amino
acids in a polypeptide chain

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14
Q

What is a stop codon

A

the codon found at the end of the mRNA
which signals the end of translation. The
polypeptide chain is complete and no
more amino acids are added.

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15
Q

What is a start codon

A

the codon which tells the ribosomes to
start making the polypeptide chain - codes
for the methionine amino acid (AUG = satrt
codon

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16
Q

What is a ribosome

A

the place where mRNA is read

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17
Q

What is degeneracy

A

where more than one codon codes for an
amino acid - the third base of a codon can
change and still code for the same amino
acid. degeneracy leads to redundancy in
the code

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18
Q

What is a coding strand

A

the strand that is complementary to the
mRNA (used as a template to synthesise
mRNA during transcription) - often
synonymous with template strand, but
specify what the strand does in your
answer

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19
Q

What is protein synthesis

A

the making of a protein with a specific
sequence of amino acids determined by
the genetic code (base sequence) of a
gene

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20
Q

What is primary structure

A

the specific sequence of amino acids
(bonded by peptide bonds) in the
polypeptide chain

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21
Q

What is secondary structure

A

the primary structure (sequence of amino
acids) is folded into alpha helices, beta
sheets. this structure is maintained by
hydrogen bonds.

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22
Q

What is tertiary structure

A

the secondary structure folds into a 3D
shape which is maintained by hydrogen
bonds, di-sulfide and ionic bonds

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23
Q

What is a complementary base pair

A

the nucleotide bases in one strand of DNA
or RNA that are paired with those of
another strand; adenine pairs with thymine
or uracil, and guanine pairs with cytosine

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24
Q

What is an enzyme

A

a biological catalyst protein that speeds
up biochemical reactions

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25
What is a gene
sequence of bases on DNA that codes for a protein (polypeptide chain) and thus determines a trait
26
What is a mutation
change in the base sequence of the DNA in a gene
27
What is a mutagen
any agent (an environmental factor) that can induce a genetic mutation or can increase the rate of mutation
28
What is a somatic mutation
mutation occurring in the body cells, non inheritable - but may affect individual during their lifetime
29
What is gametic mutation
mutation occurring in the germ cells or gametes, heritable - if it is the gamete chosen in sexual reproduction
30
What is a genotype
the combination of alleles for a given gene
31
What is a phenotype
the observable expression of a given gene
32
What is a protein
molecule that consists of one or more polypeptide chains
33
What is gene expression
when the genetic information in the sequence of bases in agene is used to make a protein
34
What is a genetic code
the order of the bases on the DNA strands (and the order on mRNA) determines the order of amino acids in proteins
35
What is nucleic acid
DNA and RNA - composed of long chains of nucleotides
36
What is a template strand
the strand that is complementary to the mRNA (used as a template to synthesise mRNA during transcription) - often synonymous with coding strand, but specify what the strand does in your answer
37
What is substitution mutation
type of mutation where one base is exchanged for another base in the DNA of a gene
38
What is an insertion mutation
type of mutation where a base is inserted into the base sequence of DNA of a gene, causes a reading frameshift
39
What is deletion
type of mutation mutation where a base is deleted from the base sequence of DNA of a gene, causes a reading framshift
40
What is frameshift
a change in the sequence of triplets following an insertion or deletion mutation.
41
What is a triplet
three nucleotides on a strand of DNA
42
What is redundancy
some amino acids are coded for by more than one codon. degeneracy leads to redundancy
43
What is a metabolic pathway
a sequence of enzyme controlled biochemical reactions
44
What is metabolism
all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell
45
What is a substrate
the chemical / molecule that binds to the enzyme then reacts to from a product
46
What is an environmental factor
factors that can change the phenotype (or genotype if the environmental factor is a mutagen). there are abiotic or biotic environmental factors.
47
What is a nucleotide monomer
units that make up DNA and RNA
48
What is deoxyribose sugar/ribose sugar
part of a nucleotide monomer in DNA (deoxyribose) and RNA (ribose)
49
What is a phosphate
part of a nucleotide (backbone of DNA/RNA molecule)
50
What is a nitrogenous base
part of a nucleotide - A, T, C, G, 4 bases in DNA; A, U, C, G, 4 bases in RNA
51
What is the structural role of a protein
protein that forms part of body or cell structure - fibrous proteins eg collagen, keratin, muscle
52
What is quaternary structure
The fourth level of protein structure; the shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits.
53
What is a polymer
large molecule made up of many monomers
54
What is a monomer
A simple molecule that can combine with other monomer molecules to make a polymer
55
What is a hydrogen bond
bond between amino acids in secondary and tertiary structure of a protein
56
What is an active site
Location on the enzyme where the substrate will bind
57
What are the three stages of transcription
Translation has three stages: - Initiation - Elongation - Termination
58
What is initiation
Translation begins when the ribosome binds to the AUG codon on the mRNA strand - AUG (START codon) signals the start of translation, and therefore the beginning of the polypeptide forming - AUG codes for the amino acid methionine (Met), which is brought by the tRNA molecule - The ribosome moves from the 5’ to 3’ end of the mRNA strand
59
What is elongation
The tRNA anticodon binds to the complementary mRNA codon using A-U, C-G - If the codon and anticodon match, the tRNA deposits its attached amino acid - Amino acids are added to the polypeptide chain one by one by tRNAs as the ribosome reads the mRNA codons - They are joined together by peptide bonds - The tRNA leaves the ribosome and can be reused to pick up another amino acid
60
What is termination
The ribosome reaches a STOP codon on the mRNA - The stop codon does not code for a specific amino acid, it codes for the ribosome to release the formed polypeptide - The newly released polypeptide can fold into its specific protein structure - The ribosome and tRNA can be reused with multiple copies of the mRNA strand to make many polypeptides at once

Bio 2.7 Gene Expression (1 decks)

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