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Physiology - Heckert > Complete Test 1 Review > Flashcards

Complete Test 1 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostasis is defined as:

A

The condition in which the body’s internal environment remains relatively constant within limits.

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2
Q

Which cation is most abundant in the extracellular fluid?

A

Sodium, Na+

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3
Q

Which cation is most abundant in the intracellular fluid?

A

Potassium, K+

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4
Q

Which anion is most abundant in the extracellular fluid?

A

Cloride, Cl-

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5
Q

Gain is defined as:

A

The effectiveness with which a control system maintains constant conditions.

Gain=correction/error

Uncontrolled system: 100 to 175

Controlled system: 100 to 125

correction is -50, error is 25

Gain=-2

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6
Q

Which of the following would have to be a transmembrane protein?

A. A receptor protein

B. A protein binding to the cytoskeleton

C. A channel protein

D. A phosphorylase

A

C. A channel protein

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7
Q

Which organelle(s) is/are associated with intracellular trafficking?

A

ER and Golgi

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8
Q

Which organelle is associated with most ATP production?

A

mitochondria

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9
Q

Which of the following processes does not require the presence of mitochondria?

A. Oxidative phosphorylation

B. Production of carbon dioxide and water

C. Breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid

D. Electron transfer between cytochromes

E. Utilization of oxygen as a final electron acceptor

A

C. Breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid

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10
Q

Proteins bound for the cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, or to other cell membranes are synthesized where?

A

on free ribosomes

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11
Q

Proteins bound for lysosomes or for secretion are synthesized where?

A

on Rough ER

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12
Q

Which organelle forms lysosomes?

A

Golgi apparatus

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13
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

the cytoplasm

does not require oxygen

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14
Q

Which of the following transport mechanisms requires energy other than kinetic energy?

A. Osmosis

B. Diffusion

C. Active transport

D. Facilitated diffusion

A

C. Active transport

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15
Q

Of the following ions, which is most concentrated in the extracellular environment?

A. Sodium

B. Potassium

C. Chloride

D. Calcium

A

A. Sodium

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16
Q

The sodium-potassium pump is an example of which of the following kinds of transport?

A. Diffusion

B. Primary active transport

C. Secondary active transport

D. Facilitated diffusion

A

B. Primary active transport

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17
Q

The sodium-glucose pump is an example of which of the following kinds of transport?

A. Diffusion

B. Primary active transport

C. Secondary active transport

D. Facilitated diffusion

A

C. Secondary active transport

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18
Q

The sodium-calcium pump is an example of which of the following kinds of transport?

A. Diffusion

B. Primary active transport

C. Secondary active transport

D. Facilitated diffusion

A

C. Secondary active transport

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19
Q

Glucose transporters (GLUT transporters) employ which of the following kinds of transport?

A. Diffusion

B. Primary active transport

C. Secondary active transport

D. Facilitated diffusion

A

D. Facilitated diffusion

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20
Q

Define Osmosis:

A

movement of a solvent from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration across a semi-permeable membrane.

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21
Q

Explain Osmotic Pressure

A

When water moves across a cell membrane because of the concentration differences, water will accumulate on one side of the membrane. This will usually create a higher pressure on one side of the membrane than the other. This increase in pressure is the osmotic pressure.

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22
Q

the energy for diffusion comes from:

A

random kinetic energy of particles.

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23
Q

Which of the following factors effect the rate of diffusion?

A. Concentration difference across membrane

B. Membrane electric potential

C. Pressure difference

D. ATP available

A

A, B, C - figure 4-9

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24
Q

Vmax refers to:

A

When transporters are saturated and cannot increase the rate of transfer. Effect easily seen when looking at facilitated diffusion vs. diffusion

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25
Q

Which of the following types of neurons would transmit an action potential the fastest?

A. Small diameter, non-myelinated

B. Small diameter, myelinated

C. Large diameter, mylinated

D. Large diameter, non-myelinated

A

C. Large diameter, mylinated

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26
Q

Saltatory conduction is characteristic of which part of a typical neuron?

A. Dendrite

B. Nerve cell body

C. Axon hillock

D. Axon

A

D. Axon

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27
Q

A selectivity filter with carbonyl oxygens is associated with which of the following kinds of ion channels?

A. Gated sodium

B. Non-gated sodium

C. Potassium

D. Chloride

A

C. Potassium

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28
Q

The resting potential for a typical neuron, such as a motor neuron, is best represented by which of the following potentials?

A. 74 mV

B. -84 mV

C. 90 mV

D. -90 mV

A

D. -90 mV

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29
Q

True or False: The cell body characteristically has voltage-gated ion channels

A

False

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30
Q

True or false: The cell body is characterized by action potentials

A

False, local potentials are characteristic.

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31
Q

True or false: dendrites are characterized by the presence of ligand-gated ion channels

A

True

32
Q

Do dendrites conduct local potentials or action potentials?

A

Local potentials

33
Q

The membrane surrounding the axon is called:

A

the axolemma, characterized by the presence of voltage gated ion channels.

34
Q

The principle of electrical neutrality states:

A

The sum of cations= sum of anions in any compartment

35
Q

The following describe what type of potential?

All-or-none

Self-propagating

Non-decremental

A

action potential

36
Q

The inactivation gate for the sodium channel is open or closed at -90 mV?

A

Open

37
Q

How many gates does a sodium voltage gated channel have?

A

2, Activation gate and an inactivation gate

Activation gate closed at -90

Inactivation gate open at -90

Both gates open between -90 and +35

+35 inactivation gate closes (to allow cell to get back to resting potential)

38
Q

Voltage Gated Potassium Channels how many gates?

A

1

closed at resting potential -90

slow activation opens the gate from +35 to -90 (more on the inside of the cell, helps being cell back to resting potential, as positive ions flow out of cell through channel)

39
Q

What is the purpose of myelin?

A

increase the membrane resistance (creates a capacitor like effect - serves as the insulator)

40
Q

The threshold of an action potential is:

A. -90

B. -30

C. +30

D. -65

A

D. -65

41
Q

Define:

Orthodromic direction

Antidromic direction

A

Orthodromic - toward the distal end of axon (normal)

Antidromic - toward the cell body

42
Q

Why do action potentials typically travel in orthodromic directions?

A

only voltage gated channels going down the axon, and starts at axon hillock. doesn’y travel back because of the refractroy period!

43
Q

What is the principle lipid found in myelin sheaths?

A

Spingomyelin

44
Q

Differentiate between the relative and absolute refractory periods

A

Absolute - no second action potential no matter how strong a stimulus

Relative - stronger than normal stimulus can cause an action potential

45
Q

Which of the following refers to a chain of sarcomeres?

A. Muscle

B. Myofiber

C. Myofibril

D. Myofilament

A

C. Myofibril

46
Q

Which of the following sarcomeric bands does not undergo a change in length during the contraction of a skeletal muscle?

A. A band

B. H band

C. I band

D. J band

A

A. A band

47
Q

DHP channels are part of which of the following structures?

A. Sarcoplasmic reticulum

B. Plasmalemma

C. T tubules

D. Z discs

A

C. T tubules

48
Q

Ryanodine-sensitive clacium ion release channels are part of which of the following structures?

A. Sarcoplasmic reticulum

B. Plasmalemma

C. T-tubules

D. Z discs

A

A. Sarcoplasmic reticulum

49
Q

Which of the following events occurs first during the transmission of a signal from an alpha motor neuron to a skeletal muscle fiber?

A. End plate depolarization (EPP)

B. Calcium Ion Influx into Axon Terminal

C. Exocytosis of synaptic vescicles

D. Sarcolemma Action Potential

A

B. Calcium Ion Influx into Axon Terminal

50
Q

Which of the following represents the factor by which the concentration of calcium ion increases in the cytosol after release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A. 10

B. 50

C. 100

D. 1000

A

C. 100

51
Q

Which of the following maintains an optimum calcium concentration gradient to facilitate return of calcium to the SR

A. Calsequestrin

B. SERCA

B. DHP

D. Ryanodine

A

A. Calsequestrin

52
Q

Fast twitch fibers have which of the following characteristics?

A.They are reddish in color comparted to slow twitch fibers

B. They have more mitochondria than slow twitch fibers

C. They have more myoglobin than slow twitch fibers

D. They are more fatigable than slow twitch fibers

A

D. They are more fatigable than slow twitch fibers

53
Q

Which of the following represents an example of an eccentric contraction?

A. The triceps musce during the throwing of a ball

B. The triceps muscle while raising the body from the floor during a push up

C. The triceps muscle while lowering the body to the floor during a push up

D. The biceps muscle while raising the body during a pull up

A

C. The triceps muscle while lowering the body to the floor during a push up

54
Q

What is connective tissues surrounding the entire muscle?

A

Epimysium

55
Q

What is made up of multiple fascicles?

A

Muscle

56
Q

What is connective tissue surrounding individual fascicle?

A

Perimysium

57
Q

What is a bundle of myofibers?

A

Fascicle

58
Q

What is delicate connective tissue around each myofiber?

A

Edomysium

59
Q

What is the cell membrane of each muscle fiber called?

A

Sarcolemma (=plasmalemma)

60
Q

What is an individual multinucleated muscle cell called?

A

Myofiber

61
Q

What is a chain of sarcomeres within a myofiber?

A

Myofibril

62
Q

What is actin and myosin filaments that make up a sarcomere called?

A

Myofilament

63
Q

What anchor actin filaments and are located at the end of a sarcomere?

A

Z discs (Z lines)

64
Q

What are composed entirely of actin and change their width during contraction?

A

I bands

65
Q

What are composed of actin and myosin and do not change their width during contraction?

A

A bands

66
Q

What are composed entirely of myosin and change their widths during contraction?

A

H bands

67
Q

What are responsible for the banding pattern characteristic of striated muscle?

A

Sarcomeres alignment

68
Q

Describe the sequences LEADING UP TO the sliding filament mechanism.

A

1) Action potential arrives2) Voltage gated calcium channels open3) Ach released into synaptic cleft4) Opening of ligand gated sodium channels5) Action potential occurs6) Voltage gated T-tubules interact with ryanodine receptors on SR membrane7) Opening of Ryanodine-sensitive calcium ion release channels8) Ca2+ increases in cytosol9) activation of sliding filament mechanism

69
Q

Describe the sequences after Calcium has been released in the cytosol to muscle contraction.

A

1) Calcium ions bind to troponin2) Tropomyosin uncovers myosin binding sites on actin.3) ATPase heads of myosin molecules split ATP and bind to actin.4) Stored energy in myosin head causes deformation such that thick and thin filaments slide past one another.5) A second ATP binds to myosin and causes it to release actin6) process is repeated7) contraction stops when ATP-dependent calcium pump sequesters calcium ions into SR.

70
Q

What causes conformational changes in the ryanodine receptors and are located on the sacrolemma T-tubules?

A

Dihydropyridine receptors (DHP)

71
Q

What open in response to conformational changes in the DHP receptors and allow calcium to flow into the cytosol from the SR?

A

Ryanodine receptors (RyRs or Ca2+ release channels)

72
Q

How many heads does each myosin molecule contain?

A

2

73
Q

Where is ATP required for muscle contraction? (3)

A

1) sliding filament mechanism (most)2) pumping calcium from sarcoplasm back into SR3) pumping sodium and potassium ions through the sarcolemma to reestablish resting potential.

74
Q

What type of contraction occurs when there is an increase in tension but not in length?

A

Isometric

75
Q

What type of contraction occurs when there is a change in muscle length? (2)

A

Isotonic contraction. Eccentric - lengthens, Concentric - shortens.

76
Q

What type of muscle has fewer mitochondria, primarily uses anaerobic respiration, and has a larger concentration of ATPase?

A

Fast(white), contract rapidly but have less endurance. Example: gastrocnemius

77
Q

What type of muscle has more mitochondria, primarily uses aerobic respiration, has more myoglobin, and smaller concentration of ATPase?

A

Slow(red), slow twitch fibers contract more slowly but have more endurance. Example: soleus

Physiology - Heckert (3 decks)

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