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Fall 2014: Clinical Conditions 1 > Fetal Development and NTD (Week 2) > Flashcards

Fetal Development and NTD (Week 2) Flashcards

0
Q

this is the time when the placenta forms

A

germinal period

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1
Q

fertilization to 2 weeks gestational

A

germinal

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2
Q

during the germinal period, what is the name for whats growing?

A

blastocyte

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3
Q

2nd to the 8th week gestational?

A

embryonic period

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4
Q

the time period when major malformations can occur?

A

embryonic period

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5
Q

what is the baby considered during the embryonic period?

A

embryo

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6
Q

9 weeks to birth?

A

fetal period

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7
Q

first trimester

A

first 12 weeks

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8
Q

second trimester?

A

13-28 weeks

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9
Q

third trimester

A

29-40 weeks

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10
Q

this period is for most sensory and motor development

A

fetal period

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11
Q

this germ layer makes up the nervous system, epithelium, eyes, inner ear and many CTs

A

ectoderm

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12
Q

this germ layer makes up the heart, circulatory system, and bones and muscles

A

mesoderm

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13
Q

this germ layer makes up the lungs, intestines, and lining of many organs

A

endoderm

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14
Q

major anatomical issues arise during which weeks?

A

3-8

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15
Q

functional defects and minor anatomical issues occur during these weeks

A

8-38

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16
Q

window during which organs are very sensitive to growth and damage?

A

critical window

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17
Q

what is the term for the things that pose threats in development?

A

teratogen

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18
Q

This fetal system matures as the baby swallows amniotic fluid and urinates to produce more?

A

digestive system

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19
Q

this system develops in the fetus by breathing in amniotic fluid

A

respiratory

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20
Q

this fetal system provides oxygenation and nutrition

A

fetal circulation

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21
Q

true or false: fetus circulation includes the pulmonary circulation

A

false

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22
Q

what is the structure that helps cushion the fetus, allows for movement of the limbs, promotes symmetrical growth, and helps with temp regulation and overall development?

A

amniotic fluid

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23
Q

what is oligohydramnios?

A

too little amniotic fluid

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24
Q

what is the main concern with oligohydramnios (2)?

A

problems with sucks and swallow

can lead to underdeveloped lungs

25
Q

what is polyhydramnios? what is it usually caused by

A

too much amniotic fluid due to maternal issues

26
Q

What issues can arise with polyhydramnios?

A

certain malformations that obstruct AF circulation

27
Q

when does fetal movement begin?

A

6 weeks

28
Q

true or false: muscles begin to move as soon as they are innervated

A

true

29
Q

when does the mother start to feel the baby move?

A

16-20 weeks

30
Q

what actions are commonly seen during the first trimester?

A

12 weeks

thumb sucking and swallowing

31
Q

what actions are commonly seen with second trimester?

A

18-28 weeks

kicking

32
Q

what action is commonly seen during the third trimester?

A

stepping

33
Q

when does neurulation begin

A

18 days after fertilization

34
Q

What is a group of malformations of the CNS resulting in incomplete closure?

A

neural tube defects

35
Q

when do neural tube defects occur?

A

first month of gestation

36
Q

3 main types of NTD?

A
  1. Spina Bifida
  2. Encephalocele
  3. Anencephaly
37
Q

This problem arises when the midline of the neural tube does not close properly so a portion of the brain is malformed and protrudes?

A

encephalocele

38
Q

Spastic diplegia, hydrocephalus, seizure, and intellectual problems are common among this type of NTD

A

encephalocele

39
Q

this NTD develops when the vertebral arches do not close properly

A

spina bifida

40
Q

3 main types of spina bifida

A
  1. spina bifida oculta
  2. meningocele
  3. meningomyelocele
42
Q

which is the most common form of SB

A

SBO

43
Q

This is associated with all forms of SB

A

tethered cord syndrome

44
Q

a hairy patch, birthmark, or small bump on the lower back may be an indication of this?

A

tethered cord syndrome

45
Q

What occurs with meningocele?

A

an exposed meningeal sac that requires surgical repair

46
Q

Why does incontinence occur with meningocele?

A

because SN S2-S4 are effected and they control bowel movements

47
Q

This occurs when there is a herniation of meninges and SC into a sac

A

meningomyelocele

48
Q

True or False: Meningomyelocele is commonly seen in thoracic and lumbar?

A

False, Lumbar and sacral

49
Q

chiari type 2, neurogenic bowel, and hydrocephalus are all common in this NTD

A

meningomyelocele

50
Q

These are characterized by structural malformation of the cerebellum and 4th ventricle and this brain tissue extends into the SC

A

chiari type 2 malformation

51
Q

This is characterized by an excess of CSF leading to enlargement of the ventricles; shunting is often used to counter this?

A

congenital hydrocephalus

52
Q

what is a common allergy seen with NTD?

A

latex

53
Q

what is an example of an impaired secondary neurulation

A

agenesis of the corpus callosum

54
Q

4 steps of neurogenesis

A
  1. proliferation-production of nerve cells
  2. migration-organization
  3. pruning and synaptogenesis
  4. myelination- speed
55
Q

What disorder occurs when there is an impairment in the proliferation of cells?

A

Microcephaly

56
Q

during migration, what two things help with this process

A

radial glial cells

reelin- assist in guiding

57
Q

What 2 disorder occurs when there is an impairment in the migration of cells?

A

Lissencephaly-reelin is not produced

Seizures-due to angular not vertical projections

58
Q

Why is the cerebellum at such a high risk for issues?

A

because it takes a really long time to develop

59
Q

This is a term used when there is lack of part or all of the cerebellum?

A

cerebellar hypoplasia

60
Q

This is the process of making proper neuronal connection

A

synaptogenesis

61
Q

this is the process of eliminating redundant neurons

A

pruning/aptosis

62
Q

what are leukodystrophies?

A

an impairment in the myelination; the white matter degenerates due to improper growth

white matter disorder

Fall 2014: Clinical Conditions 1 (17 decks)

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