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Neurology > Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum > Flashcards

Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum Flashcards

0
Q

What does Direct Pathway do?

A

Facilitates target-oriented movement

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1
Q

What does the Indirect Pathway do?

A

Inhibits competing/unwanted movements

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2
Q

Which Dopamine receptors are associated with Direct/Indirect Pathways?

A

Direct: D1
Indirect:D2

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3
Q

Which parts of the thalamus does Globus Pallidus internus communicate with?

A

VA or VL

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4
Q

What NT does Globus pallidus internus release?

A

GABA

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5
Q

What NT does Globus Pallidus externus release?

A

GABA

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6
Q

What NT does the STN release?

A

Glutamate

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7
Q

What NT does the thalamus release to the cerebral cortex?

A

glutamate

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8
Q

Describe the Direct Pathway

A

Cortex/ SN–> Putamen/Caudate (striatum) (D1 receptors)–> GPi–> VA or VL of Thalamus–> Cortex

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9
Q

Describe the Indirect Pathway

A

Cortex/SN–> Putamen/Caudate (D2 receptors)–> GPe–> STN–> GPi–> VL or VA of Thalamus–> Cortex

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10
Q

The Caudate, Putamen, and Nucleus Accumbens together form the____________

A

Striatum

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11
Q

Together, the Putamen and Globus Pallidus for the ______________

A

Lentiform Nucleus

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12
Q

Branches of which artery supply the Basal Ganglia?

A

MCA (lenticulostriate branches)

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13
Q

Which part of the brain is selectively destroyed in Huntington’s?

A

striatum

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14
Q

Which part of the brain is damages in Hemibalismus?

A

STN

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15
Q

Name 2 therapies for Parkinson’s

A

L-DOPA, Deep Brain Stimulation, Pallidotomy,

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16
Q

BONUS: Which part of the brain does the Caudate associate with?

A

frontal cortex (organization of behavior and personality)

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17
Q

BONUS: Which part of the brain does the Putamen associate with?

A

cortical motor areas

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18
Q

BONUS: which part of the brain does the Nuc. Accumbens associate with?

A

cingulate gyrus (affect and motivation)

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19
Q

What are the functions on the flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum?

A

eye movements, head position in space, balance

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20
Q

What is the function of the vermis of the cerebellum?

A

truncal coordination/posture

21
Q

What is the function of the intermediate hemispheres of the cerebellum?

A

limb coordination, gait

22
Q

What is the function of the lateral hemispheres of the cerebellum?

A

planning, cognitive functions, motor learning

23
Q

What do the 3 cerebellar peduncles connect to?

A

Superior: Midbrain
Middle: Pons
Inferior: medulla

24
Q

Which cerebellar peduncle(s) mainly carry incoming afferent information?

A

Middle and Inferior

25
Q

Which cerebellar peduncle(s) carry OUTput information from the cerebellum?
Which parts of the brain does this output info go? (2)

A

Superior peduncle

Red Nucleus (midbrain) and VL of Thalamus

26
Q

What is the primary nucleus in the cerebellar deep nuclei?

A

Dentate Nucelus

27
Q

Where is the information going through the Middle Peduncle coming from? (Ipsilateral or Contralateral?)

A

CONTRALATERAL (info crosses IN Sup. Cerebellar puduncle) cortex via Basis Pontis–> corticopontine tracts mostly from supplementary motor cortex

28
Q

Name the 4 deep cerebellar nuclei from medial to lateral

A

Fastigial–> Globose–> Emboliform–> Dentate

“Fat Guys Eat Donuts”

29
Q

What do you expect to find on physical exam with CEREBELLAR dysfunction? (8)

A

1) dysmetria
2) dysdiadokinesis
3) scanning speech
4) NEGATIVE Romberg sign
4) nystagmus
5) truncal ataxia
6) “Wide-based” gait
7) tremor (Intention tremor)
8) lack of coordination

30
Q

Define: Clasp-knife rigidity, Cogwheel rigidity, and Leadpipe rigidity

A

Clasp-Knife: increased tone followed by sudden loss of rigidity at end of external flexion (UMN damage)
Cogwheel: catch and release (Parkinson’s)
Leadpipe: increased tone throughout passive movement

31
Q

Cerebellar dysfunction results in Contralateral or Ipsilateral deficits?

Why?

A

Ipsipateral

Inputs into the Inferior Peduncle come from IPSILATERAL dorsal spinal cerebellar tracts and inferior olive.

32
Q

Where is the information going through the Inferior Peduncle coming from? (Ipsilateral or Contralateral information)

A

Inputs from IPSILATERAL dorsal spinocerebellar tract (proprioception from muscle spindles) and inferior olive, vestibular nuclei and eye muscles

33
Q

Which arteries supply the cerebellum?

A

SCA, PICA, AICA

34
Q

How many cellular layers are in the cerebellar cortex? What are they?

A

3- Molecular, Purkinje, and Granular

35
Q

Describe the major pathway of the cerebellum (starting with Climbing Fibers)

A

Climbing fibers from inferior olive–> Purkinje cells–> inhibit deep cerebellar nuclei (Dentate)–> Red Nuc. and VL of thalamus–> Primary motor cortex–> pons–> contralateral cerebellar cortex (Mossy fibers)

36
Q

Can damage to cerebellar inputs look like cerebellar lesion?

A

YES!

37
Q

What can happen cerebellum expands?

A

Upward herniation–> CSF outflow obstruction, sleepiness, or midbrain syndrome (upward gaze)
Anterior dislocation–> CSF outflow obstruction
Downward herniation–> compress essential medullary structures

38
Q

Define: Akathisia

A

motor restlessness

39
Q

Define: Athetosis

A

slow, writhing movements

40
Q

Define: Ballism

A

Proximal, large-amplitude chorea. Typically unilateral.

41
Q

Define: Chorea

A

Non-rhythmic, unpredictable movements. Involuntary, randomly flowing jerks of muscles

42
Q

Define: Dystonia

A

Abnormal posture, result of co-contraction of agonist/antagonist muscles. May also have twisting, repetitive movements

43
Q

Define: Myoclonus

A

Shock-like movements due to muscle contraction (positive myoclonus) or abrupt loss of muscle tone (negative myoclonus)

44
Q

Define: Stereotypy

A

Purposeless repetition of motor set of movements

45
Q

Define: Tic

A

Patterned simple or complex paroxysmal movements. Subjective sense of relief after movement

46
Q

Define: Tremor

A

Rhythmic movement, with amplitude and frequency in sine wave

47
Q

Define: Akinesia

A

lack of purposeful movement

48
Q

Define: Badykinesia

A

slowness of movement

49
Q

Define: Dysdiadochokinesia

A

Abnormal rapid-alternating movements

50
Q

Describe the different signs from Medial and Lateral cerebellar lesion

A

Medial (vermis, fastigial nucleus, flocculonodular lobe): truncal ataxia, nystagmus, head tilting, wide-based gait

Lateral: propensity to fall TOWARD injured side (ipsilateral).

Neurology (11 decks)

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