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A&P II > Test 2 Lymph & Immune Systems > Flashcards

Test 2 Lymph & Immune Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What is the standard emergency treatment for anaphylaxtic reaction?

A

Adrenaline or Epinepherine

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2
Q

Round nodules of lymphatic tissue within the lymph nodes are what?

A

Lymphoid Follicles

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3
Q

Once in the lacteals, where do lipid soluble compounds go to next?

A

Thoracic Duct

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4
Q

What are the names for the condition of having pus?

A

Purulent or Supurative

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5
Q

What’s the name of the inner portion of the lymphoid follicles?

A

Germinal Centers

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6
Q

These are the very first antibodies produced and will be replaced by the IgG’s

A

IgM

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7
Q

What is a very fast, very severe reaction resulting in massive swelling, mucus production, bronchoconstriction, dyspnea, and possibly sudden death?

A

Anaphylaxis

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8
Q

Macrophages, Reticular Cells, and Dendritic Cells partially digest antigens and place part of them on their cell membranes for identification by the rest of the immune system. In this function, these cells are known as what?

A

Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs)

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9
Q

What are the principal lymphoid organs of the body which filter lymph being returned to the blood?

A

Lymph Nodes

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10
Q

What are the specialized leukocytes that keep the immune system “fired-up” or activated as long as the specific threat remains?

A

Inducer T-Lymphocytes

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11
Q

What is the organelle that consists of an engulfed cell, virus, etc.?

A

Phagosome

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12
Q

What is a series of many proteins which destroy pathogens that are marked by antibodies?

A

Complement

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13
Q

What are the specialized fatty acids that cause pain associated with endometriosis?

A

Prostaglandins

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14
Q

Other than heparin, what is produced by basophils that induces inflammation?

A

Bradykinin

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15
Q

A harmful immune reaction to antigens that usually do not cause this type of reaction is known as what?

A

Hypersensitivity

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16
Q

Specialized proteins found only on the surfaces of the cell membranes of various immune system cells known as “antigen presenting cells” that identify “self” from “non-self” are what kind of proteins?

A

MHC-II

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17
Q

Once in the thoracic duct, where do lipid soluble compounds go to next (be specific)?

A

Left Subclavian Vein

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18
Q

A major lymphoid organ which tends to regress with age?

A

Thymus

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19
Q

For the immune system, sloughed skin cells are considered to be an “___ ___?”

A

External Barriers

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20
Q

A structure rich in lymphatic tissue, that is attached to the beginning of the colon (large intestine) is what?

A

Vermiform Appendix

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21
Q

Lymphoid tissue that is found in the oral cavity, at the base of the tongue, and on the posterior wall of the nasopharynx is called what?

A

Tonsils

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22
Q

From mom’s milk, what class of antibodies keep pathogens from getting into the baby’s intestinal linings?

A

IgA

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23
Q

Once in the hepatic portal vein, where do water soluble compounds perchlorate through the detoxification process?

A

Sinusoids

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24
Q

What cells partially digest antigens and place part of them on their cell membranes for identification by the rest of the immune system?

A

Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs)

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25
Q

What is released from Cytotoxic T-Cells and work against viruses?

A

Interferons

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26
Q

Once in the intestines, where do water soluble compounds go next?

A

Intestinal Veins

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27
Q

What is the abbreviated name for a group of medications used to inhibit prostaglandins production?

A

NSAIDs (Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs)

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28
Q

Compounds which become antigenic only when bound to certain proteins are known as what?

A

Hapten

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29
Q

Lymphatic tissue found in the walls of the intestines is called what?

A

Peyer’s Patches

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30
Q

Proteins produced by plasma cells are produced to mark specific foreign proteins for destruction by the immune system are called what?

A

Antibodies

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31
Q

The potential problem with lipid soluble toxins if taken orally is that they “___” the liver’s detoxification process on the first pass.

A

Bypass

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32
Q

The major lymphatic vessel draining the abdomen and thorax is known as what?

A

Thoracic Duct

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33
Q

A tissue transplant to members of the same species is known as what?

A

Allograft or Homograft

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34
Q

Which of the tonsils are located on either side of the posterior oral cavity?

A

Palatine

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35
Q

Once in the superior mesenteric vein, where do water soluble compounds go next?

A

Hepatic Portal Vein

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36
Q

A genetic condition in which children are born with inherit susceptibility to diseases due to a non-functioning immune system is what?

A

Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease

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37
Q

What is a term that means “by way of mouth?”

A

Per os

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38
Q

For the immune system, the saliva is considered to be an “___ ___.”

A

External Barrier

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39
Q

What are the specialized fatty acids that cause pain associated with headaches?

A

Prostaglandins

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40
Q

Once absorbed by the intestinal veins, where do water soluble compounds go next?

A

Superior Mesenteric Vein

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41
Q

What happens to water soluble compounds as they perchlorate through the liver’s sinusoids?

A

Detoxification

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42
Q

For the immune system, the urine is considered to be an “___ ___.”

A

External Barrier

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43
Q

Which class of antibodies cross the placenta to bring mom’s immunity to the fetus?

A

IgG

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44
Q

For the immune system, tears are considered to be an “___ ___.”

A

External Barrier

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45
Q

Proteins that are embedded in cell membranes to present antigens to the immune system to be destroyed are known as what?

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

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46
Q

What proteins specifically isolate and surround the pathogens with an extravascular “clot?”

A

Clotting Proteins

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47
Q

Specific compounds released by Cytotoxic T-Cells that destroy target cell’s DNA are what?

A

Lymphotoxin

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48
Q

Lymphocytes with lysosomes that contain bacteria-killing enzymes which make highly reactive free radicals are what?

A

Neutrophils

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49
Q

An enzyme that breaks down the superoxide radical is what?

A

Superoxide Dismutase

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50
Q

An enzyme found in the mucus, tears, and saliva that kills bacteria is what?

A

Lysozyme

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51
Q

What are the class of drugs that inhibit prostaglandin synthesis by stopping cyclooxygenase?

A

NSAIDs

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52
Q

What are the specialized leukocytes that communicate with B-Lymphocytes?

A

Helping T-Lymphocytes

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53
Q

An auto-immune disease in which antibodies are made against nucleic acids (DNA and/or RNA) thereby effecting several cell types is what?

A

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

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54
Q

What specialized fatty acids are involved in blood clotting?

A

Prostaglandins

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55
Q

What compound that is released from basophils and mast cells cause many symptoms of inflammation?

A

Histamine

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56
Q

What two enzymes break hydrogen peroxide down into water and oxygen?

A

Peroxidase and Catalase

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57
Q

Which of the tonsils are located on the posterior wall of the nasopharynx?

A

Pharyngeal or Adenoids

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58
Q

What is the general class of proteins that regulate the immune response?

A

Cytokines

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59
Q

The process by which a cell expels undigested remains from phagocytosis?

A

Exocytosis

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60
Q

What specialized fatty acids cause uterine contraction?

A

Prostaglandins

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61
Q

A tissue transplant between non-identical siblings is known as what?

A

Allograft or Homograft

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62
Q

The “digestive system” of a cell is an organelle known as what?

A

Lysosome

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63
Q

A condition that is described as your body’s physiological response to cellular injury in which various leukocytes participate is what?

A

Inflammation

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64
Q

What compound is produced by our own cells to fight microbes and is broken down by the enzyme catalase?

A

Hydrogen Peroxide

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65
Q

A fluid causing edema that contains cellular and microbial debris caused by inflammatory responses is known as what?

A

Purulent or Supperative Exudate

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66
Q

Which class of antibodies are found in tonsils, skin, and mucus membranes and cause basophils and mast cells to release histamine?

A

IgE

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67
Q

A type of resistance or immunity that your body mounts against any antigen or pathogen and does not mount a highly focused attack against a uniquely targets antigen or pathogen is what?

A

Nonspecific or Innate

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68
Q

Which of the tonsils tend to be the largest and most often infected?

A

Palatine

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69
Q

The undigested remains from phagocytosis are located in an organelle known as what?

A

Residual Body

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70
Q

The undigested remains from phagocytosis are located in an organelle known as what?

A

Residual Body

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71
Q

A type of lymphocyte that destroy our cells that become cancerous or that contain viruses is what?

A

Natural Killer Cells

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72
Q

The process by which a phagocyte engulfs particles such as cells, etc. is what?

A

Phagocytosis

73
Q

An increased blood flow to damaged area caused by vasodilation is what?

A

Hyperemia

74
Q

A raised rash caused by histamine, etc as seen in jellyfish stings is what?

A

Urticaria

75
Q

What do plasma cells produce?

A

Antibodies

76
Q

Made by macrophages and lymphocytes, these proteins stimulate many leukocyte immune responses. What proteins are these?

A

Interleukins

77
Q

What specialized fatty acids cause inflammation?

A

Prostaglandins

78
Q

Why type of proteins have anti-viral and anti-cancer effects?

A

Interferons

79
Q

What specialized fatty acids cause vasodilation?

A

Prostaglandins

80
Q

What’s another name for the adenoids?

A

Pharyngeal Tonsils

81
Q

A disease in which antibodies made against the acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction is what?

A

Myasthenia Gravis

82
Q

What are the special proteins made by basophils and mast cells that stimulate several immune responses?

A

Leukotrienes

83
Q

The fluid that causes edema is known as what?

A

Exudate

84
Q

Once in the intestines, where do lipid soluble compounds go next?

A

Lacteals

85
Q

An auto-immune disease in which antibodies are made against the joint cartilages, etc is what disease?

A

Rheumatoid Arthritis

86
Q

A condition caused by clogging of lymphatic vessels in which the extremities (usually lower) swell to gigantic proportions is what?

A

Elephantiasis

87
Q

Increased capillary permeability causes “____” or swelling.

A

Edema

88
Q

Any compound that causes a fever is known as a what?

A

Pyrogen

89
Q

Specialized leukocytes that turn the immune system off from the specific threat is what?

A

Suppressor T Lymphocytes

90
Q

What is one of the more common free radicals that is particularly reactive?

A

Speroxide Radical

91
Q

What is the disease in which antibodies are made against DNA and/or RNA causing a wide variety of effects in many cell types?

A

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

92
Q

Reactions to MSG or Monosodium Glutamate can be deadly when the compound binds to certain proteins. In this instance, the MSG is known as what?

A

Hapten

93
Q

Which class of antibodies are the most abundant antibodies?

A

IgG

94
Q

What compound, produced by neutrophils and macrophages, cause fever?

A

Interleukin-1

95
Q

Which three compounds cause most of the pain during an inflammatory response?

A

Bradykinin, Histamine, and Prostaglandins

96
Q

What are the specialized enzymes produced by natural killer cells that digest holes in cell membranes?

A

Perforins

97
Q

Substances that stimulate mast cells to produce histamine are known as what?

A

Allergins

98
Q

Another name for innate resistance is what?

A

Nonspecific

99
Q

Another name for nonspecific resistance is what?

A

Innate Resistance

100
Q

What prevents lysosomes of WBCs from releasing enzymes?

A

SAIDs

101
Q

A disease in which antibodies made against the myeline sheath thereby destroying them is what?

A

Multiple Sclerosis

102
Q

Highly reactive, toxic compounds containing extra unpaired electrons are what?

A

Free Radicals

103
Q

The body’s first line of defense are known as what?

A

External Barriers

104
Q

Which type of cells populate the inner portion of the lymphoid follicles?

A

B-Lymphocytes

105
Q

What is the specific type of leukocyte that takes the identity of the antigens from the APCs and present this to the rest of the immune system?

A

Helper T-Lymphocytes

106
Q

For the immune system, oil is considered to be an “___ ___.”

A

External Barrier

107
Q

What is the itching called by histamine called?

A

Pruritis

108
Q

What are the specialized proteins found on the surfaces of all nucleated cells which identify “self” from “non-self?”

A

MHC-I

109
Q

A tissue transplant between identical twins is known as what?

A

Isograft

110
Q

Your body’s external barriers are its “___” line of defense.

A

First

111
Q

What is a type of resistance or immunity that your are born with?

A

Nonspecific or Innate

112
Q

What drugs cause vasoconstriction allowing lymphatic drainage to reduce swelling of tissues?

A

Decongestants

113
Q

What compound is released by basophils and mast cells and prevents blood from clotting?

A

Heparin

114
Q

Inflammation and its cells are considered your body’s “___” line of defense.

A

Second

115
Q

For the immune system, sweat is considered to be an “___ ___.”

A

External Barrier

116
Q

Which class of antibodies are similar to B-Cell receptors that bind to antigens?

A

IgD

117
Q

Cellular and microbial debris caused by inflammatory responses is known as what?

A

Pus

118
Q

A tissue transplant to a different species is known as what?

A

Xenograft or Heterograft

119
Q

What specialized fatty acids cause pain associated with ovulation?

A

Prostaglandins

120
Q

What is the process by which certain cells produce a large amount of highly reactive and toxic compounds?

A

Respiratory Burst

121
Q

The production of antibodies is referred to as what?

A

Humoral Immune Response

122
Q

Pathogens or any molecule that stimulates an immune response are called what?

A

Antigens

123
Q

What does significant increase in vascular permeability cause?

A

Edema

124
Q

Which class of antibodies are found in secretions such as mucus?

A

IgA

125
Q

A type of allergic reaction occurring approximately 12-72 hours after exposure is called what?

A

Delayed Hypersensitivity

126
Q

What enzyme is responsible for making prostaglandins?

A

Cyclooxygenase

127
Q

What is the “seek and destroy” leukocyte that targets the antigen by “docking” with diseased cells and injecting lethal chemicals?

A

Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte

128
Q

What drugs such as aspirin, ibuprofen, acetaminophen that can reduce the symptoms of inflammation are generally known as what?

A

NSAIDs

129
Q

The body’s response to cell/tissue damage is generally known as what?

A

Inflammation

130
Q

A tissue transplant within the same individual is known as what?

A

Autograft or Autotransplant

131
Q

For the immune system, the wax is considered to be an “__ __.”

A

External Barrier

132
Q

A specific compound that is released by Cytotoxic T-Cells that destroys cancer cells is called what?

A

Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)

133
Q

What cells come from B-Lymphocytes and produce antibodies that directly target specific antigens in case of subsequent exposure?

A

Plasma Cells

134
Q

A phagosome that has fused with a lysosome is known as what?

A

Phagolysosome

135
Q

What cells “remember” the identification of the antigen in case of future exposures so the next time there will be a much, much faster response - often even before the patient feels sick?

A

Memory Cells

136
Q

An increase in the number of WBCs is known as what?

A

Leukocytosis

137
Q

Another name for pharyngeal tonsils is what?

A

Adenoids

138
Q

Reactions to penicillin can be deadly when the drug binds to certain proteins. In this instance, penicillin is known as what?

A

Hapten

139
Q

The eventual symptom of myasthenia gravis is what?

A

Flaccid Paralysis

140
Q

Once through the hepatic veins, where do water soluble compounds go next?

A

Inferior Vena Cava

141
Q

Which type of cells populate the other portion of the lymphoid follicles?

A

T-Lymphocytes

142
Q

What proteins mark your cells as “friendly” to prevent your immune system from attacking them?

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

143
Q

For the immune system, mucus is considered to be an “___ ___.”

A

External Barrier

144
Q

B-Lymphocytes mature to become what cells?

A

Plasma Cells

145
Q

A type of resistance or immunity you acquire after you are born is what?

A

Specific or Adaptive

146
Q

What is the type of resistance or immunity that your body mounts against a uniquely identified antigen?

A

Specific or Adaptive

147
Q

Compounds which are not antigenic by themselves, however, when combined with other proteins become antigenic is known as what?

A

Hapten

148
Q

A type of cell that engulfs foreign materials including pathogens are known as what?

A

Phagocytes

149
Q

Once through the central veins, where do water soluble compounds go?

A

Hepatic Veins

150
Q

What is the name for the tonsils that surround the opening of the pharyngotympanic tube?

A

Tubal

151
Q

What is the auto-immune disease in which acetylcholine receptors are destroyed in the skeletal muscles?

A

Myasthenia Gravis

152
Q

Once through the sinusoids, where do water soluble compounds go next?

A

Central Veins

153
Q

Redness of inflamed areas due to vasodilation is known as what?

A

Erythemia

154
Q

Which of the organs is both a major site for lymphocyte proliferation as well as the major site for removal of dead or dying erythrocytes?

A

Spleen

155
Q

The part of an antigen that stimulates the immune response is what?

A

Antigenic Determinate or Epitope

156
Q

Transplant rejection is a type of what?

A

Delayed Hypersensitivity

157
Q

A self-destruct mechanism employed by infected or mutated cells is what?

A

Apoptosis

158
Q

What are the terms that indicate a condition of having a fever?

A

Febrile or Pyrexia

159
Q

Which of the tonsils are located at the base of the tongue?

A

Lingual

160
Q

Allergens cause mast cells to release “___.”

A

Histamine

161
Q

The transplanting of a pig heart valve into a human is known as what?

A

Xenograft or Heterograft

162
Q

What is the most chronic illness of children?

A

Asthma

163
Q

The reaction to poison ivy is a type of what?

A

Delayed Hypersensitivity

164
Q

Fever is considered your body’s “___” line of defense.

A

Second

165
Q

Allergens cause which cells to produce histamine?

A

Mast Cells

166
Q

Which class of antibodies stimulate complement?

A

IgG

167
Q

A general term for the sites of lymphocyte proliferation and maturation which are scattered throughout the body is what?

A

Diffuse Lymphatic Tissues

168
Q

Which class of antibodies are found in secretions such as milk?

A

IgA

169
Q

Which class of antibodies are found in secretions such as saliva?

A

IgA

170
Q

A general term for the sites for lymphocyte proliferation and maturation is what?

A

Lymphoid Tissue

171
Q

What percent of the extracellular matrix is returned to the general circulatory system by the lymphatic system?

A

10%

172
Q

What is the viral disease that destroys helper T-Cells causing the loss of immune system and death by opportunistic diseases that would NOT kill a patient with an intact immune system?

A

AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)

173
Q

A genetic condition in which children are born with suppressed immune system is what?

A

Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease

174
Q

What is a term that describes various forms of swelling?

A

Edema

175
Q

Substances such as pollen, dander, food which cause plasma cells to produce IgE’s are known as what?

A

Allergins

176
Q

What specialized fatty acids cause pain associated with the menstrual cycle?

A

Prostaglandins

177
Q

Which class of antibodies are found in the secretions such as tears?

A

IgA

178
Q

What is the auto-immune disease in which antibodies are made against the myelin sheath?

A

Multiple Sclerosis

A&P II (13 decks)

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