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Brain and Behavior Exam 3 > Lec 37 Cerebellum Anatomy > Flashcards

Lec 37 Cerebellum Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main symptoms of cerebellar damage generally?

A

vertigo
nystagmus
ataxia

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2
Q

Where does cerebellum receive blood supply from?

A

posterior circulation –> PICA, AICA, SCA

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3
Q

What are the major subparts of cerebellum?

A
  • cerebellar cortex = outer gray matter
  • internal white matter
  • 3 pairs of deep cerebellar nuclei in the white matter
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4
Q

What are the 3 pairs of cerebellar peduncles called?

A

superior, middle, and inferior

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5
Q

What is a single leaflet/convolution of cerebellum called?

A

folium

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6
Q

What comprises a lobule of cerebellum?

A

multiple folia

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7
Q

What are the 3 lobes of cerebellum?

A

anterior, posterior, flocculo-nodular

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8
Q

What does primary fissure separate?

A

anterior and posterior lobes

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9
Q

What does posterolateral fissure separate?

A

posterior and flocculo-nodular lobes

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10
Q

What info does inferior cerebellar peduncle carry?

A

input to cerebellum from spinal cord and medulla

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11
Q

What info does middle cerebellar peduncle carry?

A

input from pontine nuclei to cerebellum

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12
Q

What info does superior cerebellar peduncle carry?

A

all output from cerebellum [except vestibular]

input from one of tracts from spinal cord

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13
Q

What are the 3 deep cerebellar nuclei? their location?

A 
fastigial = midline at vermis
interposed = intermediate
dentate = lateral = looks like olive
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14
Q

Are inputs to cerebellum excitatory or inhibitory?

A

all are excitatory!

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15
Q

What are the 4 spinocerebellar tracts?

A

dorsal spinocerebellar
ventral spinocerebellar
cuneocerebella
rostral spinocerebellar

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16
Q

Match the spinocerebellar tract with the info the give to cerebellum?

  • dorsal spinocerebellar
  • ventral spinocerebellar
  • cuneocerebella
  • rostral spinocerebellar
  1. lower body error signal
  2. upper body error signal
  3. lower body proprioception
  4. upper body proprioception
A
  1. lower body error signal
    - —- ventral spinocerebellar
  2. upper body error signal
    - — rostral spinocerebellar
  3. lower body proprioception
    - —- dorsal spinocerebellar
  4. upper body proprioception
    - cuneocerebellar
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17
Q

What is path of lower body proprioceptive info to cerebellum?

A
  • muscle spindle afferents [1a] ascend in gracile fasciculus in dorsal column to synapse in clarke’s nucleus in thoracic spinal cord
  • 2ndary neurons of clark’s nuclus form dorsal spinocerebellar tract and ascend more laterally to enter cerebellum via ipsilateral inferior cerebellar peduncle

== does not cross midline

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18
Q

What is path of lower body error signal to cerebellum?

A
  • GTO afferents [1b] carry info to spinal cord interneurons
  • interneurons compare sensory to descending motor commands to generate error signal + convey discrepancy between motor plan and executed movement
  • interneuron axons for ventral spinocerebellar tract –> cross spinal cord in anterior white commissure –> ascend on contralateral lateral spinal cord
  • join superior cerebellar peduncle and re-cross the midline to go back to side of origin = double cross track
19
Q

What is path of upper body proprioceptive info to cerebellum?

A
  • muscle spindle afferents [1a] ascend in fasciculus cuneatus in dorsal column
  • terminate in lateral cuneate nucleus
  • form cuneocerebellar tract
  • travel through ipsilateral inferior cerebellar peduncle
20
Q

What is path of upper body error signal to cerebellum?

A
  • afferents from GTO [1b] enter spinal cord and synapses on interneurons then ascend ipsilaterally as rostral spinocerebellar tract
  • goes through ipsilateral inferior cerebellar peduncle to enter cerebellum
21
Q

What is the double cross tract? what does this mean?

A

ventral spinocerebellar tract [lower body error signal]

  • info crosses midline in spinal cord, ascends contralaterally, and crosses back in superior cerebellar peduncle to enter cerebellum
22
Q

What happens to tracts once they get to cerebellum?

A

terminate topographically
together with trigeminal inputs create several somatotopic representations of head and body in cerebellar cortex [most complete = anterior and posterior lobe]

axial = vermis; distal [limbs] = intermediate zone

23
Q

Where does cerebellum receive cortical inputs from?

A

indirectly through massive relay in pontine nuclei = reticular formation

cerebral cortex –> ipsilateral pontine nucleus –> cerebral peduncle –> cross with crossing fibers of pons –> form middle cerebellar peduncle on contralateral side –> terminate in lateral hemisphere of cerebellum

end of in hemisphere of cerebellum contralateral to where they started in cortex

24
Q

What is difference in location cortico-pontine fibers from frontal lobe vs non-frontal lobe regions?

A

frontal = pass through anterior limb of internal capsule –> course more medially in cerebral peduncle

non-frontal = pass through posterior limb of IC –> more lateral in cerebral peduncle

25
Q

Where does flocculo-nodular lobe receive input from?

A
  • directly from vestibular nerve [CN 8] and from vestibular nuclei
  • imp for posture, balance, eye movement, control functions
26
Q

What is path of internal processing in cerebellum?

A
  1. inputs received by cerebellar cortex
  2. cerebellar cortex projects to deep cerebellar nuclei
  3. deep cerebellar nuclei project to thalamus, red nuc, or vestibular nuc
27
Q

What are two type os input to cerebellum?

A

climbing fibers [from inferior olivary complex]

mossy fibers [from most other places]

28
Q

What is difference mossy vs climbing fibers?

A

mossy = indirect input to purkinje cells; relayred via parallel granule cell fibers; distributed excitation = granule cells convey mossy fiber info to large number of purkinje cells

climbing: convergent excitation = 1 purkinje gets input from 1 climbing; direct synapse onto purkinje cells; from inferior olivary complex only

29
Q

What are the 3 layers of cerebellar cortex?

A
  • molecular [closest to pit]
  • purkinje
  • granule
30
Q

What is contained in the molecular layer?

A
  • dendrites of purkinje cells = perpendicular to long axis of folium
  • cell bodies of inhibitory interneurons [stellate + basket]
31
Q

What is difference stellate vs basket cells in cerebellum?

A 
stellate = inhibit purkinje dendrites
basket = inhibit purkinje cell bodies
32
Q

What is contained in the purkinje layer?

A

cell bodies of purkinje cells

33
Q

What is contained in the granule layer?

A

golgi cells = inhibitory interneurons

granule cells = excitatory –> project to molecular layer and bifurcate to form parallel fibers along axis of folium to excite many purkinje cell dendrites at once

34
Q

Where do purkinje cells project?

A

GABA inhibitory to deep cerebellar nuclei

vermis/flocculonodular cells –> fastigial nuclei
intermediate –> interposed nuclei
lateral hemispheres –> dentate nuclei

35
Q

Where do vermis purkinje cells project?

A

to fastigial nuclei

36
Q

Where do intermediate zone purkinje cells project?

A

interposed nuclei

37
Q

Where do lateral hemisphere purkinje cells project?

A

dentate nuclei

38
Q

What is output path of cerebellar control of posture?

A

flocculonodular/vermis purkinjes –> fastigial nucleus –> vestibular nuclei of brainstem [bilateral] –> reticulospinal/vestibulospinal tracts –> axial/neck muscles

39
Q

What is output path of cerebellar control of motor control?

A

paravermis purkinjes –> interposed nuclei –> superior cerebellar peduncle [crosses] –> contralateral red nucleus –> rubro-olivary and rubrospinal tracts

40
Q

What is output path of cerebellar control of motor planning?

A

lateral hemisphere purkinjes –> dentate nuclei –> superior cerebellar peduncle [crosses] –> joins thalamic fasciculus –> thalamus [VLp] –> cerebral cortex –> distal musculature via corticospinal

*dentate nuclei also project to red nucleus

41
Q

What is function of red nucleus in cerebellar relay?

A
  • receives input from contralateral interposed nuclei and dentate nuclei via superior cerebellar peduncle
  • integrates info from paravermal intermediate zone and lateral hemispheres of cerebellum
42
Q

What is function of vestibular output from cerebellum?

A
  • control of eye movement and axial/girdle muscles via vestibulo-spinal tracst
43
Q

Why are cerebellar symptoms always ipsilateral to site of damage?

A
  • all outputs except vestibular cross in superior cerebellar peduncle
  • target structs [red nucleus + cerebral cortex via thalamus] then give rise to descending motor tracts that cross = second crossing

as a result final descending motor fibers are ipsilateral to initial cerebellar fibers

Brain and Behavior Exam 3 (32 decks)

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