Zoology Exam 2

Question 1

What are the synapomorphies of the Bony Fishes?

Answer 1

• Patterns of lateral line canals.
• Similar opercular and pectoral girdle dermal bone.
• Fin webs supported by bony dermal rays.
• Endochondral bone.

Question 2

What are the two lineages of the bony fishes?

Answer 2

Sarcopterygii and Actinopterygii

Question 3

What are the features of the Sarcopterygii

Answer 3

• Long, cylindrical bodies.
• Heterocercal tail.
• Paired fleshy, scaled fins with bony central axis.
• Massive jaw muscles.
• Cosmine (derived from dentine) covered body.
• Abundant during the Devonian.
• Durophagous.
• Originally all marine.

Question 4

How may genera of Lobe Finned fishes are there?

Answer 4

• Three that are distributed in South America, Africa, and Australia.

Question 5

What are the characteristics of the lung fishes?

Answer 5

• Dorsal, caudal, and anal fins fused.
• Caudal fin symmetrical.
• Design result of paedomorphosis.
• Estivation

Question 6

What are the two lineages of Sarcopterygii

Answer 6

Actinistia and Dipnoi

Question 7

What are the features of the Actinistia?

Answer 7

• Intracranial joint between anterior and posterior halves of
skull.
• Lack maxilla.
• Symmetrical caudal fin with three lobes.
• Swim bladder filled with fat.
• Rostral organ (electroreceptor).
• Viviparous.

Question 8

What are the origins or ancestral features of actinotergyii?

Answer 8

• Ancestral forms small with single dorsal fin and forked,
heterocercal caudal fin.
• Outer coating of scales covered with ganoine.
• Rays derived from elongate scales aligned end to end.

Question 9

What is the biology of Actinoterygii?

Answer 9

• Upper and lower lobes of caudal fin nearly symmetrical.
• All fin membranes supported by fewer bony rays.
• Increased flexibility of fins.
• Lower jaw supported by hyomandibula.
• Adductor mandibulae capable of large size.
• Coronoid process of lower jaw adds torque to bite.
• In derived neopterygians, opercular bones connected to
mandible and assist with lower jaw depression.

Question 10

Explain the evolution of suction feeding in The Jaws of Actinoterygii?

Answer 10

Hyomandibula capable of lateral movement.
• Increasing volume of orobranchial chamber and
generating suction.

Question 11

Explain the evolution of protrusible jaws in Actinoterygii

Answer 11

• Evolved independently three or four times.
• Premaxilla slides forward over cranium.
• May improve hydrodynamic efficiency and grasping

Question 12

Explain the evolution of pharyngeal teeth of Actinoterygii

Answer 12

• Pharyngeal plates associated with gill arches.
• Fusion of plates with arches produced pharyngeal jaws.
• Used to hold and or manipulate prey.

Question 13

Who are the extant members of Actinoterygii?

Answer 13

Polypteriformes, Acipenseriformes,
Lepisosteiformes,
Ammiformes,
Teleostei

Question 14

What are the features of the Polypteriformes?

Answer 14

Dorsal finlets, recoil aspiration, pectoral fins with fleshy bases, heterocercail tails, interlocking scales with ganoine

Question 15

What are the features of the Acipenseriformes?

Answer 15

STURGEONS:
large,active, benthic predators
lack endochondral bones
heterocercal bones
protrusible jaw

Paddlefish:
elongated and flattened rostrum
possible electrodetection

Question 16

What are the features of the Lepisosteiformes?

Answer 16

long body, jaws, and teeth

Question 17

What are the features of the Amiiformes?

Answer 17

relatively akinetic and assymetrical caudal fin

Question 18

Who are the members of the Teleostei?

Answer 18

Osteoglossomorpha
Elopomorpha
Clupeomorpha
Euteleostei

Question 19

What are the features of the Osteoglossomorpha?

Answer 19

Unique bony characters of the mouth

Unique mechanics of the jaws

Question 20

What are the features of the Elopomorpha?

Answer 20

Leptocephalous larval form

Question 21

What are the features of the Clupeomorpha?

Answer 21

Specialized for feeding on plankton

Many are anadromous

Question 22

The Euteleostei contain how many members?

Answer 22

Six

Question 23

The Esociformes features are what

Answer 23

Elongate bodies

Caudally placed dorsal and anal fins

Question 24

What are the features of the Stenopterygii?

Answer 24

Many are luminescent

Often have long, needle like teeth

Question 25

What are the features of the Scopelomorpha?

Answer 25

Bioluminescent

Question 26

The Lampridiomorpha are known as whom?

Answer 26

Oarfish

Question 27

What are the featuers of the Paracanthopterygii

Answer 27

Anterior pelvic fins

Anglerfishes with an ilicium with esca

Question 28

What are the features of the Acanthopterygii?

Answer 28

Highly mobile tooth plates in the pharynx
Highly protrusible jaws
Percomorpha Group

Question 29

Who are included in the Percomophra Group

Answer 29

Antherinomorpha
Gasterosteiformes
Scorpaeniformes
Tetraodontiformes
Pleuronectiformes
Perciformes

Question 30

The extant Teleostei include?

Answer 30

Ostariophysi

Question 31

What are the feautures of the Ostariophysi?

Answer 31

• Protrusible fishes.
• Possess Weberian apparatus.
• Produce alarm substance.

Question 32

Describe the reproduction of ray finned fishes

Answer 32

most oviparous
some deposit or carry eggs
most marine broadcast spawners
some catadromous or anadromous

Question 33

Describe the reproduction freshwater teleosts reproduction

Answer 33

Few large yold riched eggs

eggs places in nests or attached to surface of objects

Question 34

Describe the reproduction marine teleosts reproduction

Answer 34

external fertilization
large number of small, buoyant eggs
hatch and feed on plankton
undergo metamorphosis
pelagic eggs and larvae may be derived condition