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The Human Body > Chemistry Of Physiology > Flashcards

Chemistry Of Physiology Flashcards

0
Q

Element

A

Group of one type of atoms

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1
Q

Atoms

A

Units of matter unable to be broken down further by normal chemical means

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2
Q

Molecule

A

Group of atoms of two or more types

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3
Q

Covalent bond

A

Two or more atoms share electrons in outer shells

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4
Q

Ionic bond

A

Transfer of electrons between atoms results in bond due to magnetic charge

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5
Q

Polar molecule

A

Unequal sharing of electrons results in opposite slight charges on opposite ends of molecule.

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6
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

Attraction between slightly positive charged hydrogen atom and another atom. Not a very strong bond.

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7
Q

pH scale

A

Uses measurement of H+ within a substance to determine it as an acid or a base.

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8
Q

Acid

A

Substance that releases H+ when put in water.

Low pH.

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9
Q

Base

A

Substance which releases OH- when placed in water.

High pH.

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10
Q

Buffer

A

Regulates level of H+ to keep pH consistent.

In blood: carbonic acid-bicarbonate system

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11
Q

Macromolecules

Four major types

A

Molecules containing thousands of atoms with complex structures.

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

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12
Q

Polymers

A

Small repeating subunits which make up macromolecules. Created through dehydration synthesis. Broken down by hydrolysis.

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13
Q

Monomers

A

Building blocks of polymers

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14
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

Process for covalent bonding between monomers in the synthesis of polymers.

One monomer contributes OH, one monomer contributes H, water is released.

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15
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Process for breaking down polymers.

Addition of water to existing covalent bond within polymer bonds to each monomer and breaks the chain.

16
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Sugars and starches

Fuel, short term energy storage.

17
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Smallest type of carbohydrate (simple sugar)

3-7 carbon atoms (6 most common)

18
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Complex carbohydrate, chain of monosaccharides

Storage of energy, provide structure

In plants:
-starch (storage)
-cellulose (structure)
In animals:
-glycogens (chains of glucose)
19
Q

Disaccharides (3 common types)

A

Two monosaccharides bonded

Glucose+fructose=sucrose
Glucose+glucose=maltose (beer)
Glucose+galactose=lactose

20
Q

Lipids

3 types

A

Non-water-soluble (non polar) substances (fats, oils)

Triglycerides
Steroids
Phospholipids

21
Q

Triglycerides

A

Fats & oils

1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids bonded through dehydration synthesis

Saturated or unsaturated

22
Q

Phospholipids (structure and function)

A

2 fatty acids + Glycerol + P- + Variable group (usually polar)

Two regions

  • hydrophilic
  • hydrophobic

Two hydrophilic regions attract, creating selectively permeable lipid bilayer structure of cell membrane.

23
Q

Steroids

A

Type of lipid

4 carbon rings + determining molecules

Types

  • cholesterol
  • estrogen
  • testosterone
24
Q

Cholesterol

A

Type of steroid making up plasma membrane

Foundation for estrogen and testosterone

25
Q

Proteins

4 functions

A

Polymer made up of amino acids

Functions

  • structure
  • movement
  • transport
  • regulation of chemical reactions
26
Q

Saturated fatty acid

A

Carbons have only single covalent bonds (saturated with hydrogens)

Allows dense packaging, solid at room temp

27
Q

Unsaturated fatty acid

A

Some carbons have double covalent bonds with other carbons (potential for boding with hydrogens)

Double bonds create kinks in structure, preventing packing of fatty acids; liquid at room temp

28
Q

Amino acids (2 types)

A

Building blocks of proteins (20 total)

Structure:
H
+
Amino group + C + carboxyl group
+
Side chain (determinant)
Amino group & carboxyl group hook together

Types:

  • essential: body can’t synthesize, must come from food
  • non-essential: body can synthesize
29
Q

Peptides

Polypeptides

Protein

A

Chains with only a few amino acids

Chains with 10+ amino acids

Chains with 50+ amino acids

30
Q

Enzymes

Layout basic process

A

Substances (proteins) that serve as catalysts for chemical reactions. Not involved in the reaction.

Enzyme + substrate(s) -> enzyme-substrate complex -> enzyme + product(s)

31
Q

Nucleic acid

A

Genes
DNA
RNA

Created with nucleotides through dehydration synthesis

32
Q

Nucleotides

A

Phosphate + pentose sugar + nitrogen-containing base (A, G, C, T/U)

33
Q

ATP

A

Unit of energy in cell

Contains 3 phosphates (unstable) and breaking of 3rd P provides energy

The Human Body (14 decks)

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