Chapter 5 - Structure And Function Of Large Biological Molecules

Question 0

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

Answer 0

Carbohydrates make a mes.

1) main source of energy for cells, especially glucose.
2) energy storage. Plans use starch; animals use glycogen.
3) structure. Plans walls are made of cellulose, the exoskeletons of insects and crabs are made of chitin.

Question 1

What are the classes of large biological molecules?

Answer 1

Polysaccharides
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Lipids 
(First 3 macromolecules)

Question 2

What type of lipids are essential for cell membranes?

Answer 2

Phospholipid.

Question 3

What is a polymer?

Answer 3

Made up of a string of monomers.

Question 4

What are monomers in Nucleic acids called?

Answer 4

Nucleotides.

Question 5

What happens in a dehydration reaction?

Answer 5

Water is released and we get the effect of adding the monomer onto it.

Question 6

What happens in a hydrolytic reaction?

Answer 6

Water is required to split bond and create a monomer separate from polymer.

Question 7

What is a monosaccharide?

Answer 7

Simple sugars used for cellular energy.

Question 8

What are the two groups based on location of carbonyl group in monosaccharides?

Answer 8

Aldehyde (glucose) and ketone. (Fructose)

Question 9

How do monosaccharides differ?

Answer 9

1) location of carbonyl group
2) length of carbon chain
3) groups attached to asymmetric carbons.

Question 10

What structure do most sugars form when in aqueous solutions?

Answer 10

Rings.

Question 11

What are disaccharides?

Answer 11

Two monosaccharides joined by glycoside linkage. (Formed by debydration reaction)

Question 12

What is a polysaccharide?

Answer 12

Carbohydrates that are macromolecules. (3 or more monosaccharides) joined by glycosidic linkages.

Question 13

What is the monomer for starch?

Answer 13

Glucose.

Question 14

Where do plants store starch?

Answer 14

Plastids.

Question 15

What is the link ratio of amylose?

Answer 15

a- 1,4

Question 16

What is the chain ratio of amylopectin?

Answer 16

a-1,6

Question 17

What is the function of glycogen?

Answer 17

Rich energy storage molecules.

Question 18

What are the functions of polysaccharides?

Answer 18

Storage and structure

Question 19

What is cellulose?

Answer 19

Component in plant cell walls

Question 20

What is the enzyme used to break down starch?

Answer 20

Amylase.

Question 21

What are the monomers of cellulose?

Answer 21

Glucose.

Question 22

What is chitin?

Answer 22

Found in exoskeleton or insects, crabs and fungal cell walls

Question 23

What bond is formed from dehydration reaction of fatty acids joining glycerol?

Answer 23

Ester bond.

Question 24

How is triglyceride formed?

Answer 24

3 fatty acids joined to the glycerol molecule.

Question 25

Describe the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in regards to bonding?

Answer 25

Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds. (Animal fats) unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds which produced kinks (Cis)

Question 26

What polarity do C-H bonds have?

Answer 26

Relatively non-polar.

Question 27

Why do fats separate from water?

Answer 27

Because the water molecules hydrogen bond to one another and the process excludes the fats.

Question 28

What kind of molecules are phospholipids?

Answer 28

Amphipathic: hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.

Question 29

What are the monomers of proteins?

Answer 29

Amino acids.

Question 30

What is a polypeptide?

Answer 30

Unbranched polymers of amino acids

Question 31

A protein consists of one or more _____.

Answer 31

Polypeptides.

Question 32

What are the functions of protein?

Answer 32

Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions. 
Structure/support. 
Storage. 
Movement. 
Transport. 
Coordination/hormonal.  
Receptor
Defense (antigens)

Question 33

At cellular pH, the Carboxyl and amino groups are usually ______.

Answer 33

Ionized.

Question 34

Amino acids can be grouped into four classes based on their R groups:

Answer 34

Non polar
Polar
Basic (+)
Acidic (-)

Question 35

What kind of peptide bond forms when amino acids are joined by a dehydration reaction?

Answer 35

Peptide bond.