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BMB 401 > Exam 2 (Lectures 14-16) > Flashcards

Exam 2 (Lectures 14-16) Flashcards

1
Q

Vitamins

A

organic small molecules needed to trace amounts from the diet

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2
Q

Many vitamin derivatives are…

A

coenzymes

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3
Q

Carrier Molecule: ATP

A

Phosphoryl carrier

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4
Q

Carrier Molecule: NADH and NADPH

A

Electron Carrier

Vitamin precursor: Nicotinate (niacin)

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5
Q

Carrier Molecule: FADH2 and FMNH2

A

Eclectron carrier

Vitamin Precursor: Riboflavin (Vit B2)

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6
Q

Carrier Molecule: Coenzyme A

A

Acyl carrier

Vitamin precursor: Pantothenate

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7
Q

Carrier Molecule: Lipoamide

A

Acyl carrier

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8
Q

Carrier Molecule: Thiamine pyrophosphate

A

Aldehyde carrier

Vitamin precursor: thiamine (Vit B1)

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9
Q

Carrier Molecule: Biotin

A

CO2 carrier

Vitamin precursor: biotin

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10
Q

Carrier Molecule: Tetrahydrofolate

A

One-carbon unit carrier

Vitamin precursor: folate

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11
Q

Carrier Molecule: S-Adenosylmethionine

A

Methyl carrier

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12
Q

Carrier Molecule: Uridine diphosphate glucose

A

Glucose carrier

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13
Q

Carrier Molecule: Cytidine diphosphate diacylglycerol

A

Phosphatidate carrier

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14
Q

Carrier Molecule: Nucleoside trphosphates

A

Nucleotide carrier

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15
Q

Thiamine (B1)

A

Coenzyme: thiamine pyrophosphate

Rxn Type: aldehyde transfer

Deficiency: beriberi (weight loss, heart probs, neurological dysfunction)

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16
Q

Riboflavin (B2)

A

Coenzyme: flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

Rxn Type: RedOx

Deficiency: cheliosis and angular stomatitis (lesions of the mouth), dermatitis

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17
Q

Pyridoxine (B6)

A

Coenzyme: Pyridoxal phosphate

Rxn Type: group transfer to or from amino acids

Deficiency: depression, confusion, convulsions

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18
Q

Nicotinic Acid (B3)

A

Coenzyme: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)

Rxn Type: RedOx

Deficiency: pellagra (dermatitis, depression, diarrhea)

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19
Q

Pantothenic Acid (B5)

A

Coenzyme A

Rxn Type: acyl-group transfer

Deficiency: hypertension

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20
Q

Biotin (B7)

A

Coenzyme: biotin-lysine adducts (biocytin)

Rxn Type: ATP-dependent carboxylation and carboxyl-group transfer

Deficiency: rash about the eyebrows, muscle pain, fatigue

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21
Q

Folic Acid (B9)

A

Coenzyme: tetrahydrofolate

Rxn Type: transfer of one-carbon components; thymine synthesis

Deficiency: anemia, neural-tube defects in development

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22
Q

B12

A

Coenzyme: 5’-deoxyadenosyl cobalamin

Rxn Type: transfer of methyl groups; intramolecular rearrangements

Deficiency: anemia, pernicious anemia, methylmalonic acidosis

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23
Q

Lipid Soluble Vitamines:

A

Vit K1, Vit A, Vit E, Vit D2

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24
Q

Noncoenzyme Vitamins

A

A, C, D, E, K

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25
Q

Vitamin A

A

roles in vision, growth, reproduction

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26
Q

Vitamin C

A

water soluble vitamin as an antioxidant

Deficiency: Scurvy (swollen and bleeding gums)

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27
Q

Vitamin D

A

regulation of calcium and phosphate metabolism

Deficiency: Rickets (children): skeletal deformaties, impaired growth

Osteomalacia (adults): soft bending bones

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28
Q

Vitamin E

A

Antioxidant

Deficiency: inhibition of sperm production, lesions in muscles and nerves

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29
Q

Vitamin K

A

Blood coagulation

Deficiency: subdermal hemorrhaging

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30
Q

What are the types of chemical reactions in metabolism?

A

RedOx, Ligation requiring ATP cleavage, Isomerization, Group transfer, Hydrolytic, Addition or removal of funtional groups

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31
Q

Ligation requiring ATP cleavage

A

formation of covalent bonds

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32
Q

Isomerization

A

rearrangement of atoms to form isomers

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33
Q

Group Transfer

A

transfer of a functional group from one molecule to another

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34
Q

Hydrolytic

A

cleavage of bonds by the addition of water

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35
Q

Addition or removal of functional groups

A

addition of functional groups to double bonds or their removalto form double bonds

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36
Q

Things that are charged and/or bulky…

A

cannot move well across membranes

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37
Q

The overall free energy change for a couple set of reactions…

A ⇔ B + C

B⇔ D

A

is the sum of the change in free energy for individual reactions

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38
Q

Creatine phosphate

A

an important molecule for storage of high energy phosphate groups

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39
Q

What can drive the unfavorable reaction forward?

A

coupling of energetically unfavorable reactions to favored reactions

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40
Q

Oxidation of foods, carbohydrates, and fats yield…

A

CO2, energy, and reducing equivalents

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41
Q

Reducing Equivalents

A

electrons with high transfer potential

used to create an ion gradient across a membrane

the electrochemical potential produced by this dude is used to power the synthesis of ATP

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42
Q

Harvesting ATP from food

A

Stage 1: food is broken down into smaller compounds

Stage 2: Glycolysis

Stage 3: Citric Acid Cycle or TCA or Kreb’s

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43
Q

Harvesting ATP from food:

Stage 1

A

Breakdown of food into smaller compounds such as:

proteins to amino acids

complex carbohydrates to simple sugars

fats to glycerol and fatty acids

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44
Q

Harvesting ATP from food:

Stage 2

A

Glycolysis: when glucose and other simple sugars are broken down to generate CoA

Some ATP is generated in this stage

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45
Q

Harvesting ATP from food: Stage 3

A

Critric Acid Cycle or TCA or Kreb’s

acetyl CoA group is fully oxidized to CO2 and electrons are produced

Most of ATP is generated in this stage

Occurs in the mitochondrion

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46
Q

Activated Carriers that are required in ATP Harvest

A

carriersof high energy electrons for fuel oxidation

NAD+ and FAD

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47
Q

Carbohydrates

A

organic molecules with the fomula:

(CH2O)n

48
Q

Immediate Energy sources:

A

Glucose and Fructose

49
Q

Stored sugar:

A

Glycogen and Starch in plants

50
Q

Carbohydrates function as…

A

Energy source

Provides structure

Participate in Cell interactions

51
Q

Carbohydrates: Energy Source

A

Immediate energy source

Stored Sugars

Metabolic intermediates

52
Q

Carbohtdrates: Provide Structure

A

Cellulose (glucose polymer)

Chitin (sugar derivative)

Ribose and bacterial cell wall are roughly made from sugar

53
Q

Carbohydrates: participate in cell interactions

A

Glycoproteins

Proteoglycans

Glycolipids

54
Q

Glycoproteins

A

cell surface molecules involved in cell to cell interaction

Cell ID

ABO groups

55
Q

Proteoglycans

A

molecules of the ECM

Chondroitin sulfate

Heparan sulfate

56
Q

Isomers

A

compounds with the same chemical formula

57
Q

Stereoisomers

A

isomers with different configurations

58
Q

Enantiomers

A

stereoisomers that are mirror images of one another

59
Q

Diastereomers

A

stereoisomers that are not mirror images of one another

60
Q

Epimers

A

diastereomers differing at only one asymmetric carbon

61
Q

D and L in the names

A

designate the absolute configuration of the asymmetric carbon furthest from the aldehyde or ketone group

D sugars are commonly seen

62
Q

D-Glyceraldehyde

A

63
Q

D-Ribose

A

64
Q

D-Glucose

A

65
Q

D-Mannose

A

66
Q

D-Galactose

A

67
Q

Dihydroxyacetone

A
68
Q

D-Fructose

A
69
Q

Glycosides

A

acetals of carbohydrates

70
Q

Glycosidic Bonds

A

bonds that result in formation of an acetal

N- or O-glycosidic (Nitrogen- or Oxygen-)

71
Q

A glycosidic bond between 2 monosaccharides produces…

A

a disaccharide attached through an ether linkage

72
Q

Where are the anomeric carbons for aldoses and ketoses?

A

in C1 and C2 respectively

73
Q

Sucrose

A

transport form of plant sugar; 1 α → 2 ß

glucose - fructose

74
Q

Lactose

A

milk sugar; 1 ß → 4 α

galactose - glucose

75
Q

Maltose

A

breakdown product of starch 1 α → 4 α

glucose - glucose

76
Q

Which disaccharides is not a reducing sugar?

A

Sucrose because both of the anomeric carbons are unable to open up since C1, glucose, is an acetal and C2, fructose, is a ketal

77
Q

What are the storage forms of glucose?

A

cellulose, starch and glycogen

78
Q

Activated Sugar

A

linked in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction to a target molecule

79
Q

Carbohydrates can be attached to proteins through…

A

N- or O- linkage to asparagine or serine residues

80
Q

glycoproteins

A

glycosylated proteins

81
Q

Major component in proteoglycan is…

A

sugar

82
Q

N-linked sugars are added in…

A

endoplasmic reticulum en bloc from an ER carrier lipid, dolichol phosphate

83
Q

GlcNac N-acetylglucosamine

A

it is a carbohydrate derivative

84
Q

N-linked sugars are processed in…

A

the golgi apparatus, some sugars are removed and added until it reaches its final configuration

85
Q

Dolichol Phosphate

A

an activated dolichol that is a lipid found in the lumenal face of the ER

platform that polysaccharides, destined to become N-linked sugars, are built

86
Q

Carbohydrates carry structural information:

A

Glycosylation at specific amino acid residues in proteins

Checmial identity of carbohydrates in the polysaccharide chain

Sequence of carbohydrate addition

α- β-anomers

Linkage through different OH groups

Branching

87
Q

Lectin

A

is a cell surface receptor that recognize carbohydrates with a specificity brought about through multiple weak interactions

88
Q

Liver: Glucose monitor

A

removes excess glucose for storage as glycogen

releases glucose to feed other tissues

ensures enough glucose for other tissues (Brain/RBCs)

89
Q

Pancreas: glucose monitor

A

hormonally regulates glucose levels, releasing:

insulin (when glucose is high)

Glucagon (when glucose is low)

90
Q

Brain’s primary fuel source is…

A

glucose

91
Q

RBCs only fuel source is…

A

Glucose

92
Q

Muscles: Glucose metabolism

A

use glucose as rapid energy source & store as glycogen

93
Q

Adipocytes: glucose metabolism

A

take up excess glucose to make fats

94
Q

What is the role of a glucose transporter (GLUT)?

A

to ensure that all tissues can take up a basal amount of glucose necessary for the cells to carry out their cellular functions

95
Q

GLUT 1 and GLUT 3

A

Found in all mammalian tissues

Km = 1 mM

Basal Glucose uptake

96
Q

GLUT 2

A

Found in liver and pancreatic ß cells

Km = 15-20 mM

removes excess glucose in the blood (liver)

plays a role in regulation of insulin (pancreas)

97
Q

GLUT 4

A

Found in muscle and fat cells

Km = 5 mM

amount in muscle plasma membrane increases with endurance training

98
Q

Lower Km means…

A

higher in affinity

99
Q

Stages of Glycolysis

A
  1. Trapping glucose in the cell and activation of glucose (req 2 ATP)
  2. Splitting: cleaving one hexose; isomerization to yield 2 identical trioses
  3. Harvesting: yields 4 ATP, 2 NADH, & 2 pyruvate
100
Q

Glycolysis: Stage 1

Getting ready to split glucose in two

A

Phosphorylation (req ATP) traps glucose in the cell and destabilizes glucose

Reorganization ensures the aldose reaction yield is 2 trioses

Further destabilization (req ATP) ensures a yield of 2 triose phosphates

101
Q

Stage 1 Glycolysis: Reaction 1

A

addition of phosphate group at C6 to trap glucose in the cell\

Enzyme Used: Hexokinase or Glucokinase

The reaction favors the product so Hexokinase is regulated however, Glucokinase (found in liver) is not regulated.

102
Q

Glucokinase and Hexokinase

A

Under normal conditions, Hexokinase is used to phosphorylate glucose, but when concentration of glucose are high glucokinase will begin to pick up the glucose and phosphorylate

Negative Effector: product inhibition (build up of G6P the molecule goes back and inhibits the enzyme that makes it)

103
Q

Stage 1 Glycolysis: Reaction 2

A

Isomerization of glucose 6 phosphate (G-6P) to fructose 6-phosphate (F-6P)

Enzyme used: Phosphoglucose Isomerase

104
Q

Stage 1 Glycolysis: Reaction 3

A

essentially irreversible addition of phophate group to C1 (req 1 ATP)

Enzyme Used: Phosphofructokinase (most __highly regulated)

105
Q

Phosphofructokinase 1 (PFK1)

A

sets the pace in glycolysis in liver and muscle

Negative Effectors: High ATP/AMP, citrate, glucagon

Positive Effectors: Low ATP/AMP, pH, F2, 6-BP, insulin

106
Q

Glycolysis: Stage 2 Step 1

A

Generating two 3-Carbon molecules (DHAP and GAP)

Enzyme Used: Aldolase

107
Q

Glycolysis: Stage 2 Step 2

A

Isomerization of DHAP to GAP

Enzyme Used: Triose Phosphate Isomerase

108
Q

Glycolysis: Stage 2 Step 3

A

Addition of Phosphate to C1 to form 1,3-BPG: high phosphate group transfer potential

Enzyme Used: Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase

109
Q

Glycolysis: Stage 3 Step 1

A

Substrate level phosphorylation of ADP by 1,3-BP to form ATP and 3PG

Enzyme Used: Phosphoglycerate Kinase

110
Q

Glycolysis: Stage 3 Step 2

A

Mutase rxn - moving the phosphate group from C3 to C2 (beta to alpha)

Enzyme Used: Phosphoglycerate Mutase

111
Q

Glycolysis: Stage 3 Step 3

A

Dehydration, preparing to generate ATP

Enzyme Used: Enolase

112
Q

Glycolysis: Stage 3 Step 4

A

Phosphoryl transfer to generate ATP and pyruvate

Enzyme Used: Pyruvate kinase

113
Q

Pyruvate Kinase

A

Negative Effectors: Alanine, Glucagon, Phosphorylation

Positive Effectors: F1, 6-BP, insulin

114
Q

Glycolysis Yield from one molecule of Glucose

A

Yield: 4 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 Pyruvate

Consumed: 2 ATP, 2 NAD+

115
Q
A

BMB 401 (6 decks)

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