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Physiology-Exam 2 > Sensory pathways and consciousness > Flashcards

Sensory pathways and consciousness Flashcards

1
Q

Specific ascending neural pathways carry information about ____

A

single types of stimuli

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2
Q

Ascending neural pathways travel through the spinal cord and brainstem to the thalamus and then to the ____

A

cerebral cortex

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3
Q

What two cranial nerves do NOT travel through the brainstem?

A

olfactory and optic

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4
Q

Nonspecific ascending pathways are involved in arousal and alertness and carry ____

A

general information about different senses

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5
Q

____ neurons are ascending neurons that receive more than one type of stimulus- they indicate that something is happening but not specific to what or where

A

polymodal

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6
Q

Nonspecific ascending pathways travel through the spinal cord to the brainstem to the ____, and then through the thalamus to the cortex

A

reticular formation

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7
Q

The ____ pathway (a kind of somatic pathway) is involved in pain, itch, light touch, and temperature

A

anterolateral

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8
Q

This part of the anterolateral pathway goes to the thalamus and is important in the localization of painful or thermal stimuli

A

spinothalamic tract

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9
Q

This part of the anterolateral pathway goes to the reticular formation and is nonspecific, causing alertness and arousal in response to painful stimuli

A

spinoreticular tract

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10
Q

This part of the anterolateral pathway goes to the tectum (within the midbrain) and functions in orienting the eyes and head toward the stimuli

A

spinotectal tract

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11
Q

The ___ ____-____ ____ pathway is a somatic pathway involved in proprioception, touch, vibration, and pressure

A

dorsal column-medial lemniscus

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12
Q

In the dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway has 1st order axons that travel to the ___ where they synapse on the CB of 2nd order neurons

A

brainstem

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13
Q

In the dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway the 2nd order axons do what at the brainstem before they synapse on 3rd order neuron CB in the thalamus

A

cross to contralateral side

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14
Q

Where is the somatosensory cortex?

A

post-central gyrus in parietal lobe

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15
Q

Where is the visual cortex?

A

occipital

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16
Q

Where is the auditory cortex?

A

temporal lobe, superior portion

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17
Q

Where is Wernicke’s area?

A

b/n the temporal and parietal lobes (interpretation of language)

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18
Q

Where is the olfactory cortex?

A

piriform lobe

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19
Q

Where is the gustatory cortex?

A

insular lobe

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20
Q

Where is the vestibular cortex?

A

insular lobe

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21
Q

Where is the visceral sensation “cortex”?

A

insular lobe

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22
Q

What are the 5 main factors that affect perception?

A

1-adaptation of sensory receptors
2-presynaptic inhibition and facilitation along afferent pathways
3-lack of receptors for a particular stimulus
4- lack of project to cerebral cortex
5- filtering of sensory info that is passed on to cortex

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23
Q

Differences in emotions, personality, experience, and social background can affect perception; how does the anterior association area affect perception?

A

it develops slowly in children is affected by experiences in the social environment

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24
Q

___ can also affect perception by acting as neuromodulators to decrease perception of pain

A

drugs

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25
Q

What is it called when pain experienced is at a different site other than the injury or diseased tissue?

A

referred pain

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26
Q

How does transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation affect perception?

A

the stimulation of the skin by electrodes is of non-pain afferent neurons, which inhibits pain pathways (activation of touch receptors can also inhibit pain receptors)

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27
Q

For pain, ____ are stimulated by intense mechanical deformation, extreme temperatures, or chemicals

A

nociceptors

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28
Q

What are 5 examples of chemicals released that affect nociceptors?

A 
1-hydrogen ions
2-bradykinin
3-histamine
4-cytokines
5-prostaglandins
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29
Q

____ is a change in pain pathways that occurs after the first pain stimulus where there is increased sensitivity to painful stimuli; the pain perceived after the initial stimulus can be more intense than the initial pain

A

hyperalgesia

30
Q

What are the 3 causes of hyperalgesia?

A

1-induction by platelet-activating factor secreted by immune and endothelial cells
2-damage to nociceptors (like in severe burns)
3-opioid-induced (when opioids are quit the pain pathway is more sensitized)

31
Q

____ is a change in pain pathways that occurs after the first pain stimulus where there is decreased sensitivity to pain

A

analgesia

32
Q

How does acupuncture decrease sensitivity to pain?

A

thought to stimulate neurons that lead to spinal cord and midbrain centers that release endogenous opioids

33
Q

How does stimulation-produced analgesia work?

A

electric stimulation of descending pathways in CNS that inhibit pain pathways at presynaptic inhibition–endogenous opioids

34
Q

How does TENS decrease sensitivity to pain?

A

stimulation of other afferent neurons leads to inhibition of pain pathways

35
Q

What are states of consciousness determined by?

A

behavior–attentiveness AND brain activity patterns

36
Q

___ experiences are experiences that a person is aware of such as thoughts, feelings, perceptions, dreams, and reasoning

A

conscious

37
Q

___ measures brain activity patterns by electrodes on the scalp

A

EEG

38
Q

An EEG measures what in the cerebral cortex?

A

graded potentials

39
Q

In waves, the amplitude indicates the amount of activity. In a high amplitude wave what does that mean?

A

many neurons are activated simultaneously

40
Q

A low amplitude wave means what?

A

less neurons are activated or activation of neurons is asynchronous

41
Q

A low frequency of waves means what kind of state?

A

less responsive state

42
Q

A high frequency of waves means what kind of state?

A

alert state

43
Q

Clusters of neurons in the thalamus may provide fluctuating frequency of action potentials to the cortex which leads to what?

A

a rhythmic pattern of activity in the cortex as seen on an EEG

44
Q

What two main things can an EEG tell us?

A

1-abnormal waves occur in damaged or diseased areas of the brain
2-wave amplitude and frequency change during different states of consciousness

45
Q

___ waves have the highest amplitude and are the slowest waves (frequency up to 4 Hz)

A

delta

46
Q

Delta waves are most often seen in what two groups?

A

babies and sleeping adults/children

47
Q

___ waves have a high amplitude and are slow waves (frequency between 4-7Hz)

A

theta

48
Q

Theta waves are normally seen in what 3 groups?

A

young children, drowsy older children and adults, in meditation

49
Q

___ waves are of intermediate amplitude and frequency (8-13Hz)

A

alpha

50
Q

Alpha waves are normally seen in what group?

A

children and adults when eyes are closed and person is relaxed

51
Q

___ waves are low amplitude and are high frequency (13-30Hz)

A

beta

52
Q

Beta waves are normally seen in what group?

A

children and adults when they are attentive to external stimuli, thinking, or active (moving) –paying attention not just perception

53
Q

____ waves are low amplitude but high frequency (30-100Hz)

A

Gamma

54
Q

Gamma waves are normally seen in what group?

A

children and adults in higher cognitive processes

55
Q

Non-rapid eye movement sleep has how many stages?

A

4

56
Q

In what stage of non-rapid eye movement sleep is there an alpha pattern with some theta waves?

A

stage 1

57
Q

In what stage of non-rapid eye movement sleep is there theta rhythm with sleep spindles and K complexes?

A

stage 2

58
Q

____ are high frequency bursts

A

sleep spindles

59
Q

____ are large amplitude waves

A

K complexes

60
Q

In what stage of non-rapid eye movement sleep is there theta rhythm with delta waves?

A

stage 3

61
Q

In what stage of non-rapid eye movement sleep is there delta rhythm?

A

stage 4

62
Q

What kind of sleep has low amplitude, high frequency waves similar to a beta rhythm?

A

rapid eye movement sleep

63
Q

Dreaming usually occurs in ___ sleep

A

REM

64
Q

How many cycles of REM sleep are there typically in an uninterrupted 8 hours of sleep?

A

4-5

65
Q

The circadian rhythm is usually _ hours of sleep and _ hours awake; it is controlled by what two things?

A

8;16;hypothalamus;reticular formation

66
Q

The ____ is a nuclei in the brainstem that sends axons to the thalamus which affects the cortical activity seen in EEG

A

reticular formation

67
Q

What 3 chemicals does the reticular formation release as neuromodulators?

A

norepinephrine, serotonin, or acetylcholine

68
Q

The ____ area of the hypothalamus secretes GABA

A

preoptic area

69
Q

When GABA is released from the hypothalamus, what happens to histamine?

A

GABA inhibits release of histamine

70
Q

What does histamine do to sleep/wake?

A

stimulates wakefulness

71
Q

The ___ regulates sleep/wake by periods of light and dark

A

suprachiasmic nucleus

72
Q

GABA inhibits secretion of histamine from what?

A

the tuberomamillary nuclei in the posterior hypothalamus

Physiology-Exam 2 (5 decks)

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