Primate Social Behaviour ch 7

Question 0

Define: Analogy

Answer 0

Similarity of traits resulting from similar use, not due to shared ancestry

Question 1

Define: Homology/Homologous

Answer 1

Similarity of traits resulting from shared ancestry

Question 2

Define: Homoplasy

Answer 2

Process that leads to the development of analogies(similar traits resulting from similar use)

Question 3

Ancestral traits

Answer 3

traits inherited from ancestors

Question 4

Derived traits

Answer 4

traits that are evolved from the ancestral condition

Question 5

Phylogeny

Answer 5

Family tree

Question 6

What are immediate (proximate) causes of Primate social behaviour?

Answer 6

Hormonal, physiological causes -Hunger fear sexual urges, ect.

Also shaped by deeper, evolved tendencies through natural and sexual selection.

Question 7

Adapoids

Answer 7

ancestral to strepsirhines (lemurs, lorises)

Question 8

Omomyoids

Answer 8

ancestral to haplorhines (tarsiers, monkeys, apes)

Question 9

R- selected

Answer 9

Reproductive strategy in which females have many offsrping, birth intervals are short, maternal investment per offspring is low.

Question 10

K-selected

Answer 10

Reproductive strategy in which few offspring are produced per female, birth intervals are long, maternal investment is high.

Question 11

Why are humans Bipedal?

Answer 11

Energetic efficiency- efficient walking, ability to dissipate heat

Ecological influences- better view of surroundings

Dietary scenarios- feeding in fruit trees easier

Sexual selection- more impressive looking males to gain access to females

Question 12

Female philpatry

Answer 12

Primate social system in which females remain and breed in the group of their birth, and males emigrate.

Question 13

Male philopatry

Answer 13

Primate social system in which males remain and breed in the group of their birth, and females emigrate.

Question 14

Give and example that illustrates the political nature of life among nonhuman primates?

Answer 14

Dominance

• males compete for females
• males establish a dominance hierarchy

Ex) Chimpanzees:

• all adult males are dominant to all females
• to climb hierarchy, adolescent males first achieve dominance over all adult females, and then progress up until they have reached their potential

Question 15

Why have primates evolved to group living?

Answer 15

• improves access to mates, food

- affords protection from predators

Question 16

Types of Nonhuman primate societies : Solitary

Answer 16

• females and offspring occupy individual territories

- males occupy territories that overlap several female territories

Question 17

Types of nonhuman primate societies: Monogamy

Answer 17

• males and females in long-term pair bond

- a female reproductive strategy, he provides service in return for a high degree of certainty of fatherhood

Question 18

Types of nonhuman primate societies: One-Male Polygyny

Answer 18

-one males monopolizes as many females as he can

Question 19

Extragroup males

Answer 19

• males that can’t obtain their own females
• sometimes will attach one-male polygyny groups and try to take over
• sometimes bachelor groups will raid one-male groups, this can lead to multimale groups

Question 20

Types of nonhuman primate societies: Multimale Polygyny

Answer 20

• many males and many females in group
• males compete for priority of access
• dominance hierarchy

Question 21

Types of nonhuman primate societies: Fission- fusion polygyny

Answer 21

• most complex nonhuman primate social system
• members join up and split apart unpredictably in temporary foraging parties
• only stable unit if the female and offspring
• evolved due to seasonality availability of fruit

Question 22

Types of nonhuman primate societies: Polyandry

Answer 22

• one female, many males
• socially polyandrous
• reproductively monogamous