Children - psychosocial development

Question 1

What are two behaviourist learning theories

Answer 1

classical conditioning

operant conditioning

Question 2

Describe classical conditioning

Answer 2

pairs a new stimulus with an existing stimulus to elicit same response
works with reflexes - eg learning to suck a bottle

Question 3

Describe operant conditioning

Answer 3

learned behaviour between behaviour and its consequences

Question 4

What is reinforcement in operant conditioning?

Answer 4

strengthens response; increases likelihood of repetition

Question 5

What is positive reinforcement?

Answer 5

strengthens behaviour by giving reward

Question 6

What is negative reinforcement?

Answer 6

strengthens behaviour by taking away something undesirable

Question 7

What is punishment in operant conditioning?

Answer 7

reduces likelihood of behaviour reoccurring

Question 8

What is positive punishment?

Answer 8

reduces likelihood of behaviour by giving punishment

Question 9

What is negative punishment?

Answer 9

reduces likelihood of behaviour by taking away something desirable

Question 10

What is shaping?

Answer 10

when individual incrementally learns a behaviour that wasn’t in repertoire

Question 11

What is Bandura’s social cognitive learning theory?

Answer 11

developmental changes happen through imitation and modeling; interaction between individual and environment

Question 12

What is the four step model of observational learning

Answer 12

1. attend to model [watch]
2. remember characteristics of behaviour [take it in]
3. reproduce memory of behaviour [remember]
4. perform behaviour [perform]

Question 13

Describe Piaget’s cognitive stage theory?

Answer 13

4 stages
discontinuous
development begins with inborn ability to adapt to the environment

Question 14

What are the four concepts in Piaget’s theory?

Answer 14

direct learning
adaptation
social transmission
physical maturation

Question 15

How did Piaget describe direct learning?

Answer 15

person actively responds to and interprets new situations, based on existing schemes

Question 16

What is a ‘scheme’ for Piaget?

Answer 16

systematic pattern of thought, action and problem-solving strategies

Question 17

What is adaptation for Piaget?

Answer 17

assimilation - fitting new concepts into existing schemes

accommodation - extending and modifying schemes to fit new information

Question 18

What are four stages in Piaget’s cognitive theory?

Answer 18

sensorimotor
pre-operational
concrete operational
formal operational

Question 19

Describe piaget’s sensori-motor stage

Answer 19

0-2 yrs -coordination of sensory and motor activity; object permanence; act on world with eyes, hands and ears, solve sensori-motor problems

Question 20

Describe Piaget’s pre-operational stage

Answer 20

2-7 years; use of language, egocentrism, make believe play, thinking lacks logic

Question 21

Describe Piaget’s concrete operational stage

Answer 21

7-11 years; use of logic, sorting of objects [classification], can manipulate information but not abstract

Question 22

Describe Piaget’s formal operational stage

Answer 22

11+ abstract, systematic, deducing testable inferences, working with hypotheses

Question 23

What are Brofenbrenner’s ecological systems

[contextual theory]

Answer 23

four interactive environments
microsystem
mesosystem
exosystem
macrosystem

Question 24

What is Vygotsky’s Zone Proximal Development? [contextual theory]

Answer 24

the range in which tasks need support from more knowledgeable adults and peers; scaffolding

Question 25

Why are contextual theories important?

Answer 25

Understanding how individual development interacts with context in which it occurs
Cultural applications of temperament emotion and attachment

Question 26

Which two people developed normative crisis models?

Answer 26

Vaillant and Levinson

Question 27

What is the timing of events model?

Answer 27

normative life events - on time events
non-normative life events - off time events
internalised social clock tells individuals if ‘on time’
accounts ofr variability in adult experience
focus on impact of social expectations