Exam #3

Question 1

Accommodation

Answer 1

adaptation of the eye to near and far objects, converging not eh axis of the nose. “Look at an object over my shoulder and then quickly look at my nose” - you should be able to watch the persons pupils contract.

Question 2

aniscoria

Answer 2

unequal pupils

Question 3

arcus senilis

Answer 3

a gray or white arc or circle visible around the outer part of the cornea in many older adults, due to deposition of lipid material. Does not require treatment.

Question 4

astigmatism

Answer 4

irregular shape of the cornea on the lens inside the eye. Light doesn’t get focused properly causing blurry vision, discomfort, and headaches.

Question 5

cataract

Answer 5

lens becomes opaque due to clumping of proteins in the lens

Question 6

diplopia

Answer 6

double vision

Question 7

exopthalmus

Answer 7

protruding eyeballs

Question 8

microaneurysm

Answer 8

a tiny area of blood protruding from an artery or vein in the back of the eye; may open and leak blood into surrounding tissue.

Question 9

myopia

Answer 9

AKA nearsightedness, you can see near but objects farther away appear blurred. (-) script. Globe is longer than normal and light rays focus in front of retina.

Question 10

nystagmus

Answer 10

the eyes make receptive, uncontrolled movements often resulting in reduced vision. can be side to side, up and down, or in circular pattern. eyes can’t hold steady on objects being viewed and may be accompanied by unusual head positions and head nodding in an attempt to compensate for the condition.

Question 11

OD/OS/OU

Answer 11

an outdated system of referring to right - OD, left - OS, or both eyes - OU.

Question 12

optic disc

Answer 12

the area in which fibers from the retina converge to form the optic nerve. located toward the nasal side of the retina. color varies from creamy yellow-orange to pink, round or oval shape, distinct margins, physiologic cup (the smaller circular area inside the disc where the blood vessels exit and enter

Question 13

presbyopia

Answer 13

gradual loss of your eyes ability to focus on nearby objects, due to the loss of flexibility of the lens.

Question 14

pitosis

Answer 14

drooping eyelids

Question 15

palpebral fissure line

Answer 15

the elliptical open space between the eyelids

Question 16

red reflex

Answer 16

seen on physical exam, the red glow filling the person’s pupil. caused by the reflection of your ophthalmoscope light off the inner retina

Question 17

strabismus

Answer 17

cross-eyed. one eye deviates off the fixation point. to avoid diplopia the brain begins to suppress the data from the weak eye. diagnosis after 6 yo has a poor prognosis.

Question 18

CN III innervates which ocular muscles?

Answer 18

medial rectus, inferior rectus, superior rectus, and inferior oblique

Question 19

CN IV innervates which ocular muscles?

Answer 19

superior oblique

Question 20

CN VI innervates which ocular muscles?

Answer 20

lateral rectus

Question 21

Pupillary Light Reflex

Answer 21

both pupils constrict when bright light shines on retina

Question 22

Direct Light Reflex

Answer 22

Pupil constricts when light shines directly into the eye

Question 23

Consensual Light Reflex

Answer 23

Simultaneous constriction of the other pupil.

Question 24

Accommodation

Answer 24

adaptation of eye to near objects, converging on the axis of the nose.

Question 25

Fixation

Answer 25

reflex direction of the eye toward an object attracting the person’s attention

Question 26

Developmental changes in children

Answer 26

Newborns see in B&W. Peripheral vision intact, but poor coordination of eye movements @ birth. By 3-4 mo binocularity is developed (eyes move together). By 8 mo macula (keenest vision center) is mature. By 8 yo the eyeball reaches adult size.

Question 27

Floaters

Answer 27

debris that accumulates b/c the vitreous humor is not renewed as continuously as the aqueous humor.

Question 28

Glaucoma

Answer 28

loss of peripheral vision, increased intraocular pressure (which puts pressure on optic nerve and further decreases vision). Treated w/ drops.

Question 29

Macular Degeneration

Answer 29

Loss of central vision

Question 30

Snellen eye chart (Adults)

Answer 30

Normal vision is 20/20. Numerator: distance the person is standing from chart.
Denominator: Distance @ which a normal eye could have read that particular line. 20/30 = you can read @ 20ft what normal eye can see @ 30ft.

Question 31

Snellen for children

Answer 31

Preschoolers: E turned different ways, child holds up fingers to match legs of the E. Toddler: various pictures.

Question 32

Confrontation

Answer 32

Checks peripheral vision. You and pt both cover opposite eyes. Hold pencil as target and slowly bring it in to midline from periphery in several directions. Pt says “now” when they see target; should be same as you.

Question 33

Corneal light reflex

Answer 33

shine a light toward the person’s eyes as they look straight ahead. reflection on the corneas should be in exactly the same spot on each eye.

Question 34

Cover/Uncover Test

Answer 34

check for eye lag. Person stares straight ahead as you cover one of their eyes. Quickly uncover the eye and it should be staring straight ahead. If eye jumps to position there’s muscle weakness.

Question 35

Diagnostic Positions Test

Answer 35

leads eyes through 6 cardinal positions, should be parallel tracking w/ both eyes.

Question 36

PERRLA

Answer 36

Pupils are Equal, Round, and Reactive to Light and Accommodation

Question 37

Hyperopia

Answer 37

AKA farsighted. Globe is shorter than normal, light rays would focus behind the retina if they could pass through. (+) script.

Question 38

Assess eyes: neonate

Answer 38

pupils constrict and baby blinks in response to light

Question 39

Assess eyes: birth - 2 wks

Answer 39

refusal to reopen eyes after exposure to bright light; increasing alertness to object; may fixate on an object

Question 40

Assess eyes: 2-4 wks

Answer 40

can fixate on an object

Question 41

Assess eyes: by 1 mo

Answer 41

can fixate and follow a light or bright toy

Question 42

Assess eyes: by 3-4 mo

Answer 42

can fixate, follow, and reach for toy

Question 43

Assess eyes: 6-10 mo

Answer 43

can fixate & follow toy in all directions